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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

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Updated: May 9, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

[Medullary thyroid carcinoma in children].

Amandine Berdelou1, Dana Hartl, Abir Al Ghuzlan

  • 1Institut Gustave-Roussy, Département de Médecine Nucléaire et d'Endocrinologie Oncologique, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, 39 rue Camille-Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif cedex, France.

Bulletin Du Cancer
|July 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare childhood cancer, often inherited due to RET gene mutations. Early detection and surgical treatment, including total thyroidectomy, are crucial for a better prognosis in pediatric patients.

Keywords:
hereditary diseasemedullary thyroid carcinomamultiple endocrine neoplasia

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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
07:01

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pediatric Oncology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare endocrine malignancy in children.
  • MTC is typically associated with inherited genetic mutations, specifically in the RET proto-oncogene, often presenting as part of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia types 2A and 2B.
  • While often diagnosed during familial screening, MTC can also arise from de novo mutations in pediatric probands.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the key aspects of medullary thyroid carcinoma in the pediatric population.
  • To emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and treatment to prevent disease progression and improve outcomes.
  • To outline the standard surgical management for pediatric MTC.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on pediatric medullary thyroid carcinoma.
  • Analysis of genetic factors, including germline and de novo RET proto-oncogene mutations.
  • Description of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for MTC in children.

Main Results:

  • Pediatric MTC is predominantly hereditary, linked to RET proto-oncogene mutations.
  • Early diagnosis, often through genetic investigation, is critical.
  • Surgical intervention, including total thyroidectomy and lymph node dissection, is the primary treatment modality.

Conclusions:

  • Prompt diagnosis and surgical treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma in children are essential to prevent extrathyroidal extension and distant metastases.
  • Effective management relies on understanding the genetic basis and timely surgical intervention.
  • Total thyroidectomy with cervical lymph node dissection offers the best chance for cure in pediatric MTC.