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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Toxins01:12

Bacterial Toxins

Bacterial toxins are sophisticated virulence factors that enable pathogenic bacteria to interact with, invade, and damage host tissues. These toxins fall broadly into two types: protein exotoxins, which are secreted into the environment and target specific host receptors, and lipopolysaccharide endotoxins, which are structural components of the bacterial outer membrane released primarily during bacterial lysis or membrane shedding. Exotoxins generally act more selectively, binding to cell...
Regulation of Bacterial Virulence01:28

Regulation of Bacterial Virulence

Pathogenic bacteria employ a range of regulatory mechanisms to modulate the expression of virulence genes in response to environmental and host-derived signals. These mechanisms ensure that virulence factors are expressed only under favorable conditions, thereby optimizing infection and survival strategies.Mechanisms of Virulence RegulationKey regulatory strategies include:Two-Component Systems: These consist of a membrane-bound sensor kinase and a cytoplasmic response regulator. Environmental...
Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems01:17

Gram-negative Bacterial Protein Secretion Systems

Gram-negative bacteria utilize sophisticated protein secretion systems to transport proteins across their double-membrane envelope into the extracellular environment or host cells. Based on their mechanism of action, these systems are classified into one-step and two-step pathways.One-Step Secretion Systems (Types I, III, IV, and VI)One-step secretion systems bypass the periplasm entirely, forming a continuous channel that spans both the inner and outer membranes:Type I Secretion System (T1SS):...
Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing01:28

Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing

Quorum sensing is a mechanism of bacterial communication that enables coordinated gene expression in response to changes in population density. This facilitates collective behaviors that enhance survival, resource acquisition, and ecological adaptation. This process relies on small signaling molecules called autoinducers that accumulate as bacterial populations grow. When a critical threshold concentration of autoinducers is reached, bacterial cells collectively modify gene expression,...
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA01:25

Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria arises when microorganisms evolve the ability to withstand drugs designed to kill them or inhibit their growth, rendering once-effective treatments useless. This phenomenon, driven by genetic change and selection under antibiotic exposure, poses a profound threat to modern medicine. Mechanisms include drug-inactivating enzymes (e.g., β-lactamases), efflux pumps that eject antibiotics, mutations altering antibiotic targets, decreased drug uptake, and acquisition...
Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...

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Updated: May 9, 2026

A Fluorescence-based Method to Study Bacterial Gene Regulation in Infected Tissues
07:10

A Fluorescence-based Method to Study Bacterial Gene Regulation in Infected Tissues

Published on: February 19, 2019

Two paralogous yefM-yoeB loci from Staphylococcus equorum encode functional toxin-antitoxin systems.

Nicoletta Nolle1, Christopher F Schuster1, Ralph Bertram1

  • 1Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin (IMIT), Lehrbereich Mikrobielle Genetik, Waldhäuser Str. 70/8, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Germany.

Microbiology (Reading, England)
|July 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Two toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems from Staphylococcus equorum were characterized. These systems, involving YefM antitoxins and YoeB toxins, demonstrate functional paralogues regulating bacterial growth and stress responses.

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Analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica Effector Translocation into Host Cells Using Beta-lactamase Effector Fusions
12:23

Analysis of Yersinia enterocolitica Effector Translocation into Host Cells Using Beta-lactamase Effector Fusions

Published on: October 13, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are crucial prokaryotic genetic elements.
  • They regulate vital cellular processes including persister cell formation and phage defense.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize two paralogous YefM-YoeB toxin-antitoxin systems from Staphylococcus equorum.
  • To investigate their functional interactions and regulatory mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • 5' Rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5' RACE) to confirm transcriptional activity.
  • Inducible expression in Escherichia coli to assess toxicity and neutralization.
  • Bacterial two-hybrid assays to determine protein interactions.
  • In vivo primer extensions to analyze RNA cleavage.

Main Results:

  • Transcriptional activity and extended 5' untranslated regions were confirmed.
  • Expression of YoeB toxins caused growth defects, counteracted by cognate YefM antitoxins.
  • Specific pairwise interactions between YefM and YoeB paralogues were identified.
  • YoeB toxins were shown to cleave RNA near start codons, with activity neutralized by YefM.

Conclusions:

  • The two identified yefM-yoeB paralogues from S. equorum represent functional toxin-antitoxin systems.
  • These systems operate independently and play a role in regulating bacterial physiology.