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Related Concept Videos

Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Assessment of Knee Hyperalgesia in Mice using Pressure Application Measurement
04:22

Assessment of Knee Hyperalgesia in Mice using Pressure Application Measurement

Published on: June 13, 2025

Preemptive analgesia in third molar impaction surgery.

Rakesh Shah1, Amit Mahajan, Navin Shah

  • 1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, K. M. Shah Dental College and Hospital, Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery
|July 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diclofenac sodium effectively reduces postoperative pain following third molar surgery when used as a preemptive analgesic. This study confirms its benefit for enhanced pain management in dental procedures.

Keywords:
Diclofenac sodiumpain controlpreemptive analgesiathird molar impaction surgery

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An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
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An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)

Published on: January 27, 2010

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Assessment of Knee Hyperalgesia in Mice using Pressure Application Measurement
04:22

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Published on: June 13, 2025

An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)
14:56

An Experimental Paradigm for the Prediction of Post-Operative Pain (PPOP)

Published on: January 27, 2010

Area of Science:

  • Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
  • Pharmacology
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Third molar impaction surgery is associated with significant postoperative pain and swelling.
  • Preemptive analgesia aims to reduce pain before surgical stimuli.
  • Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with analgesic properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of diclofenac sodium as a preemptive analgesic agent.
  • To assess its impact on postoperative pain, swelling, and trismus after third molar surgery.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective, triple-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial was conducted.
  • Patients were randomized into two groups: placebo and diclofenac sodium.
  • Diclofenac sodium or placebo was administered preoperatively and continued for five days postoperatively.

Main Results:

  • A significant reduction in postoperative tenderness was observed in the diclofenac sodium group (P = 0.00).
  • Minimal differences were noted between groups for postoperative swelling and trismus (P > 0.04).

Conclusions:

  • Diclofenac sodium is beneficial as a preemptive analgesic for third molar impaction surgery.
  • It provides superior pain control compared to placebo.
  • Further research may explore its effects on swelling and trismus.