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The Micturition Reflex

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Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating urine...

Urinary Bladder

Urinary Bladder

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Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

The nursing assessment of the genitourinary (GU) system involves a systematic inspection and palpation to identify abnormalities in the kidneys, bladder, and surrounding structures.InspectionMouth: Inspect for signs of kidney dysfunction, such as stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) and ammonia breath, which may occur in advanced kidney disease due to the buildup of urea, breaking down into ammonia.Skin: Check for pallor, which could indicate anemia caused by kidney disease. Look for...

Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry

Urodynamic Studies: Uroflowmetry

Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...

Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management

Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management

In managing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in nursing, a comprehensive assessment is essential. Begin by gathering subjective data, such as the patient’s complaints of dysuria (painful urination), urinary frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, and any lower abdominal discomfort. This information can be complemented by questions regarding previous UTIs, sexual activity, and personal hygiene practices, which can provide insight into risk factors. Objective assessment should focus on signs like...

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...

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Updated: May 9, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Published on: August 28, 2020

Post-stroke urinary incontinence.

Z Mehdi¹, J Birns, A Bhalla

¹Department of Ageing and Health, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.

International Journal of Clinical Practice

|July 10, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Post-stroke urinary incontinence affects over a third of patients and is linked to worse outcomes. Prompt assessment and tailored management are crucial for improving recovery and continence in stroke survivors.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Published on: August 28, 2020

Area of Science:

Neurology
Gerontology
Urology

Background:

Post-stroke urinary incontinence (UI) is a prevalent complication affecting a significant portion of acute stroke patients.
This condition is a strong indicator of stroke severity, correlating with poorer functional outcomes, increased institutionalization, and higher mortality rates.

Purpose of the Study:

To conduct a comprehensive review of existing evidence regarding post-stroke urinary incontinence.
To highlight the impact of UI on stroke patient outcomes and the current management strategies.

Main Methods:

An extensive electronic database search was conducted to identify relevant studies and review articles.
The search focused on literature published between 1966 and 2012 concerning urinary incontinence in the stroke population.

Main Results:

Urinary incontinence affects over one-third of acute stroke patients, persisting in up to 25% at one year post-stroke.
Continence is linked to better functional outcomes, while incontinence is associated with increased mortality and institutionalization.
National audits reveal suboptimal management of post-stroke UI, with many stroke units lacking documented continence promotion plans.

Conclusions:

Thorough assessment is recommended to determine the type and severity of post-stroke UI.
Implementing individually tailored, structured management strategies to promote continence is essential.
Improving continence management in stroke patients is associated with better overall stroke outcomes and should be a priority for healthcare professionals.