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Related Concept Videos

Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.
Teeth01:15

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
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True Stress and True Strain01:28

True Stress and True Strain

Engineering stress is calculated as the load divided by the original, undeformed cross-sectional area. It approximates a material under load. This approximation is especially relevant post-yield in ductile materials. Though engineering stress-strain diagrams are often used for their convenience and accessibility, they can sometimes fall short in accuracy, particularly when dealing with large strain values.
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Normal Stress01:19

Normal Stress

Normal stress is a type of stress that occurs when forces act perpendicular, or normal, to a material's cross-sectional area. This stress often arises in structures when subjected to axial loading, which is the application of force along the axis of an object. A practical example of this can be found in bridge truss members.
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Stresses in a Shaft01:18

Stresses in a Shaft

The shaft PQ is subjected to a twisting force when equal and opposite torques are applied on either side. A section that cuts perpendicular to the shaft's axis at any arbitrary point R is examined to understand this. When the free-body diagram of the QR segment is analyzed, it reveals the shearing forces exerted by the PR portion onto the QR segment as the shaft experiences twisting.
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Stresses under Combined Loadings01:23

Stresses under Combined Loadings

When analyzing a bent tube with a circular cross-section subjected to multiple forces, it is crucial to determine the stress distribution in order to maintain structural integrity under varied load conditions.
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Related Experiment Video

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Studying Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Mice
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Human tooth movement by continuous high and low stresses.

Whitney N Deforest1, Jodi K Hentscher-Johnson, Ying Liu

  • 1a  Dental Student, University of Missouri-Kansas City (UMKC) School of Dentistry (SOD), Kansas City, Mo.

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|July 10, 2013
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Summary

Higher orthodontic stress (78 kPa) resulted in faster canine retraction than lower stress (4 kPa). While 4 kPa allowed controlled movement, 78 kPa caused unwanted rotation, indicating stress levels impact orthodontic outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthodontics and Dental Biomechanics
  • Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Understanding the relationship between orthodontic force magnitude and tooth movement is crucial for effective treatment planning.
  • Previous research has explored various force levels, but direct comparisons of three-dimensional tooth movements under distinct stress levels are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the three-dimensional tooth movements of maxillary canines under two distinct stress levels (78 kPa and 4 kPa) using a split-mouth design.
  • To evaluate the efficiency and predictability of tooth movement in response to varying orthodontic forces.

Main Methods:

  • Eight volunteers underwent maxillary canine retraction using segmental mechanics with randomly assigned constant stresses of 78 kPa and 4 kPa.
  • Dental casts were analyzed over 84 days using a three-axis microscope to serially measure tooth movements.
  • Descriptive statistics and mixed linear modeling were employed for data analysis.

Main Results:

  • Canine retraction was significantly faster with 78 kPa (0.066 mm/day) compared to 4 kPa (0.031 mm/day) (P = .0005).
  • Higher stress (78 kPa) led to significantly faster lateral movement and distopalatal rotation (P < .0001).
  • No significant differences in extrusion-intrusion, torque, or tip were observed between the stress groups, and no lag phase was evident.

Conclusions:

  • Maxillary canine retraction is accelerated by higher stress (78 kPa) but can lead to uncontrolled rotation.
  • Lower stress (4 kPa) facilitates controlled translation, adhering to appliance constraints.
  • Optimizing orthodontic force levels is essential for achieving desired tooth movements while minimizing unwanted side effects.