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Related Concept Videos

Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...
Exercise and Cardiovascular Response01:20

Exercise and Cardiovascular Response

Exercise significantly impacts cardiovascular response, which is crucial for understanding patient health and designing effective treatment plans.
Light to moderate physical activity initiates a series of interconnected responses in the body. The heart rate modestly increases in anticipation of the workout, followed by widespread vasodilation as oxygen consumption by skeletal muscles increases. This results in decreased peripheral resistance, increased capillary blood flow, and accelerated...
Exercise and Cardiac Output01:17

Exercise and Cardiac Output

Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
Sustained exercise increases the muscles' oxygen demand, which can be met...
Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate...
Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
Energy Budgets00:51

Energy Budgets

Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of survivorship and reproductive strategies, including semelparity and iteroparity. Semelparous species, like annual plants, have only one reproductive episode in their lifetimes and consequently have short lifespans. Iteroparous species, by contrast, have many reproductive events during their lifetimes but have relatively few offspring. These two...

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A Real-World High-Intensity Interval Training Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Improvement
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Published on: February 22, 2022

Differences in energy expenditure between high- and low-volume training.

Clemens Drenowatz1, Joey C Eisenmann, James M Pivarnik

  • 1Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. drenowat@msu.edu

European Journal of Sport Science
|July 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Highly trained athletes increase total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and exercise energy expenditure (EEE) during high-volume training weeks. Sedentary time decreases, but non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) remains unchanged, indicating no compensation for increased training load.

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Published on: February 2, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Exercise Physiology
  • Human Metabolism

Background:

  • Limited research exists on energy expenditure during varying training periods in athletes.
  • Understanding habitual activity's role alongside exercise is crucial for optimizing training.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate changes in total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and its components during high- and low-volume training.
  • To explore alterations in sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous activity levels in response to training volume.

Main Methods:

  • 15 male endurance athletes participated in high-volume (>13h) and low-volume (<7h) training weeks.
  • Energy expenditure (TDEE, EEE, NEAT, RMR) was measured using SenseWear Pro 3, HR-VO2 regression, and indirect calorimetry.
  • Activity intensity was assessed using MET cutpoints.

Main Results:

  • TDEE and EEE significantly increased with higher training volume.
  • No significant difference was observed in non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) between training volumes.
  • Athletes spent significantly less time in sedentary activities during the high-volume training week.

Conclusions:

  • Highly trained athletes do not reduce NEAT to compensate for increased training demands.
  • Increased training volume leads to higher overall energy expenditure without altering resting metabolic rate or NEAT.
  • Athletes reduce sedentary behavior during intense training periods.