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Related Concept Videos

Biosynthesis in Bacteria01:24

Biosynthesis in Bacteria

Biosynthesis in bacteria is a fundamental anabolic process that generates essential macromolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and polysaccharides. These macromolecules are critical for cellular growth, replication, and function. The process is tightly regulated and energetically linked to catabolic pathways to ensure optimal resource utilization.Biosynthetic pathways begin with precursor metabolites such as pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, and glucose-6-phosphate derived from glycolysis,...
Ribozymes02:47

Ribozymes

The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
Ribozymes can be...
Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways01:29

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways

Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which provide...
Enzymes02:34

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Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under sterile, tightly...
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Upstream processing represents a critical phase in biomanufacturing, wherein biological systems such as microorganisms, mammalian cells, or insect cells are cultivated to produce therapeutic proteins, vaccines, enzymes, or other biologically derived products. This phase encompasses all steps from the selection and genetic manipulation of the production organism to the cultivation of cells in bioreactors under tightly controlled environmental conditions.Host Selection and Genetic OptimizationThe...

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Updated: May 9, 2026

Biosynthesis of a Flavonol from a Flavanone by Establishing a One-pot Bienzymatic Cascade
09:50

Biosynthesis of a Flavonol from a Flavanone by Establishing a One-pot Bienzymatic Cascade

Published on: August 14, 2019

In vitro multienzymatic reaction systems for biosynthesis.

Inés Ardao1, Ee Taek Hwang, An-Ping Zeng

  • 1Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Denickestr. 15, 21073, Hamburg, Germany, ines.ardao@uclouvain.be.

Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology
|July 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

In vitro multienzymatic bioreaction systems offer efficient bioproduction by uncoupling enzymes from cell growth, enabling higher yields and complex synthesis. This approach expands chemical diversity and reduces waste in bioprocesses.

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Biosynthesis of a Flavonol from a Flavanone by Establishing a One-pot Bienzymatic Cascade
09:50

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Published on: August 14, 2019

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07:59

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Published on: October 4, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Biocatalysis

Background:

  • In vitro multienzymatic bioreaction systems are gaining traction for bioproduction.
  • Decoupling biocatalysis from cellular machinery enhances product yield and minimizes waste.
  • Multiple enzymes facilitate complex synthetic pathways, increasing chemical diversity and bioactivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To survey in vitro multienzymatic bioreaction systems for biosynthesis.
  • To discuss process design for technical realization of multienzymatic bioreactions.
  • To review advancements in multienzyme microreactors and co-immobilization strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of in vitro multienzymatic systems.
  • Analysis of process design principles for multienzyme bioreactors.
  • Examination of co-immobilization techniques for enzymes in nano/micro-materials.

Main Results:

  • In vitro systems achieve high product yields and reduce byproducts.
  • Complex synthetic pathways are enabled, expanding chemical diversity.
  • Multienzyme microreactors and co-immobilization offer advanced solutions.

Conclusions:

  • In vitro multienzymatic systems represent a promising approach for sustainable and efficient bioproduction.
  • Process engineering and immobilization strategies are key to realizing their full potential.
  • Further research in multienzyme microreactors and co-immobilization will drive innovation in biocatalysis.