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Updated: May 9, 2026

Development of a Neonatal Rat Model for Brachial Plexus Birth Injury
Published on: March 27, 2026
Developing core sets for patients with obstetricbrachial plexus injury based on the International Classificationof
B J Duijnisveld1, C Saraç, M J A Malessy
1Leiden University Medical Center, Departmentof Orthopaedics, P.O. Box 9600, 2300RC Leiden, the Netherlands.
Insights
This study proposes a method to develop International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Core Sets for obstetric brachial plexus injury (OBPI). This will create a standardized framework for assessing OBPI outcomes.
Area of Science:
- Medical Rehabilitation
- Pediatric Orthopedics
- Neurology
Background:
- Obstetric brachial plexus injury (OBPI) presents with diverse and evolving symptoms, including denervation, weakness, and functional limitations.
- Currently, a standardized framework for assessing OBPI outcomes is lacking.
- This paper outlines a process to develop International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Core Sets for OBPI.
Purpose of the Study:
- To propose a systematic process for developing ICF Core Sets tailored to patients with OBPI.
- To establish a universally accepted framework for evaluating OBPI patient outcomes.
Main Methods:
- Four preparatory studies: systematic literature review, focus groups, expert survey, and a multicenter study.
- A consensus conference to define the initial version of ICF Core Sets based on preparatory study evidence.
- Field-testing with patients to validate the developed ICF Core Sets for OBPI.
Main Results:
- The proposed method integrates multiple evidence sources to identify relevant ICF categories for OBPI.
- A consensus conference will synthesize findings from preparatory studies to create a preliminary version of ICF Core Sets.
- Patient field-testing will validate the utility and applicability of the ICF Core Sets.
Conclusions:
- The developed ICF Core Sets for OBPI will provide a practical tool for clinical assessment and evaluation.
- Researchers can utilize these Core Sets for designing and comparing studies on OBPI.
- Patients will gain better insight into their health conditions and management strategies.
Background:
Symptoms of obstetric brachial plexus injury (OBPI) vary widely over the course of time and from individual to individual and can include various degrees of denervation, muscle weakness, contractures, bone deformities and functional limitations. To date, no universally accepted overall framework is available to assess the outcome of patients with OBPI. The objective of this paper is to outline the proposed process for the development of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Core Sets for patients with an OBPI.
Methods:
The first step is to conduct four preparatory studies to identify ICF categories important for OBPI: a) a systematic literature review to identify outcome measures, b) a qualitative study using focus groups, c) an expert survey and d) a cross-sectional, multicentre study. A first version of ICF Core Sets will be defined at a consensus conference, which will integrate the evidence from the preparatory studies. In a second step, field-testing among patients will validate this first version of Core Sets for OBPI.
Discussion:
The proposed method to develop ICF Core Sets for OBPI yields a practical tool for multiple purposes: for clinicians to systematically assess and evaluate the individual's functioning, for researchers to design and compare studies, and for patients to get more insight into their health problems and their management.
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