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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...

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Updated: May 9, 2026

Modeling Mitochondrial Disease Using Brain Organoids: A Focus on Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like Episodes
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Neurologic melioidosis.

Martin Deuble1, Chloe Aquilina, Robert Norton

  • 1Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia. mjdeuble@gmail.com

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
|July 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Neurologic melioidosis, caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, presents with fever, headache, and ataxia in endemic areas. Early diagnosis and awareness are crucial, as it can lead to significant mortality and long-term neurologic sequelae.

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neurology
  • Tropical Medicine

Background:

  • Melioidosis is a significant cause of illness and death in Southeast Asia and northern Australia.
  • Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent, diagnosed via clinical specimen culture.
  • Neurologic manifestations of melioidosis can vary widely.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review cases of confirmed neurologic melioidosis admitted to a regional hospital between 1995 and 2011.
  • To identify clinical features, diagnostic findings, and outcomes of neurologic melioidosis.
  • To emphasize the importance of considering melioidosis in neurologic disease diagnosis in endemic regions.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of hospital admissions for culture-confirmed neurologic melioidosis.

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  • Analysis of patient demographics, clinical presentations, diagnostic methods (including cerebrospinal fluid analysis), and neuroimaging findings (MRI T2-weighted scans).
  • Assessment of treatment outcomes, mortality, and long-term neurologic sequelae.

    • Main Results:

    • Twelve culture-confirmed cases of neurologic melioidosis were identified.
    • Two cases were diagnosed via cerebrospinal fluid analysis.
    • Common symptoms included fever, headache, and ataxia; MRI showed ring-enhancing lesions and leptomeningeal enhancement.
    • Four patients died, and four experienced significant long-term neurologic deficits.

    Conclusions:

    • Neurologic melioidosis is a serious condition with high mortality and morbidity in endemic areas.
    • Clinical features like fever, headache, and ataxia, along with specific MRI findings, are characteristic.
    • Increased awareness of neurologic melioidosis is vital for diagnosing undifferentiated neurologic diseases in affected regions.