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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Additional Routes of Drug Administration01:18

Additional Routes of Drug Administration

Choosing the appropriate route of drug administration is significantly influenced by two key factors: the therapeutic objectives and the inherent properties of the drug being used.
Administering drugs via inhalation allows for the direct delivery of gaseous, volatile substances or droplets to different parts of the respiratory tract. One of the advantages of the inhalation route is the rapid absorption of drugs into the circulatory system, which is possible because of the large surface area of...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
The Blood-brain Barrier00:49

The Blood-brain Barrier

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

The pipeline in headache therapy.

Sarah Vollbracht1, Alan M Rapoport

  • 1Department of Neurology, Montefiore Headache Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1575 Blondell Avenue, Ste 225, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. savollbr@montefiore.org

CNS Drugs
|July 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Migraine treatment is evolving beyond triptans, with new medications and devices under investigation. Research focuses on novel therapies for effective, rapid, and sustained relief from migraine and cluster headaches.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Migraine is a common, disabling neurovascular disorder with significant unmet treatment needs.
  • Current acute treatments like triptans are not effective for all patients.
  • Preventive therapies have advanced serendipitously, highlighting the need for targeted drug development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review innovative and investigational therapies for migraine and cluster headache treatment.
  • To explore advancements in both acute and preventive treatment strategies.
  • To identify emerging therapeutic targets and mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on novel migraine and cluster headache treatments.
  • Discussion of various drug classes including CGRP antagonists, 5-HT1F agonists, and orexin antagonists.

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3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
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Published on: June 2, 2014

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  • Exploration of innovative delivery mechanisms and neurostimulation devices.

    • Main Results:

    • Several new acute and preventive therapies show promise for migraine and cluster headache.
    • Investigational treatments include calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) pathway modulators and novel receptor agonists.
    • Emerging approaches involve innovative drug delivery and neurostimulation techniques.

    Conclusions:

    • There is a significant need for new, effective migraine and cluster headache treatments with improved safety profiles.
    • Emerging therapies targeting CGRP, 5-HT1F, and orexin receptors offer potential advancements.
    • Innovative delivery systems and neurostimulation represent promising avenues for future treatment strategies.