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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors

Published on: December 17, 2013

Nonviral methods for inducing pluripotency to cells.

Ryan O'Doherty¹, Udo Greiser, Wenxin Wang

¹Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway, IDA Business Park, Dangan, Galway, Ireland.

Biomed Research International

|July 11, 2013

Summary

Scientists can reprogram adult cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using nonviral methods. This breakthrough holds significant promise for regenerative medicine and future therapeutic applications.

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Area of Science:

Cell biology
Stem cell research
Regenerative medicine

Background:

Adult somatic cells can be reprogrammed to a pluripotent state.
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer potential for regenerative medicine.
Decades of research have led to current iPSC technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the historical development of iPSC research.
To describe current nonviral methods for inducing pluripotency.

Main Methods:

Utilizing plasmid vectors for reprogramming.
Employing small molecules and chemicals.
Using RNA-based delivery systems.

Main Results:

Nonviral methods offer alternatives to traditional viral reprogramming.
These methods contribute to the advancement of iPSC technology.

Conclusions:

Nonviral reprogramming is a key area in iPSC research.
These techniques are crucial for the clinical application of iPSCs.