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Related Concept Videos

Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs02:26

Comparing Copy Number Variations and SNPs

Sequencing of the human genome has opened up several best-kept secrets of the genome. Scientists have identified thousands of genome variations that exist within a population. These variations can be a single nucleotide or a larger chromosomal variation.
Copy number variations or CNVs are the structural variations that cover more than 1kb of DNA sequence. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), on the other hand, is a single nucleotide change or a point mutation that is found in more than 1%...
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...

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Updated: May 9, 2026

Robust Detection of Gene Amplification in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Samples by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
03:55

Robust Detection of Gene Amplification in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Samples by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization

Published on: July 12, 2024

Copy number change: evolving views on gene amplification.

Kathryn T Elliott1, Laura E Cuff, Ellen L Neidle

  • 1Biology Department, The College of New Jersey, 2000 Pennington Road, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA. elliottk@tcnj.edu

Future Microbiology
|July 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gene duplication and amplification (GDA) drive bacterial evolution and adaptation, impacting antibiotic resistance and host interactions. Understanding microbial GDA is crucial for medicine, synthetic biology, and biotechnology advancements.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Microbial Evolution
  • Bacterial Genetics

Background:

  • Genomic analysis reveals dynamic genetic landscapes.
  • Gene duplication and amplification (GDA) are key evolutionary mechanisms.
  • GDA influences bacterial adaptation, antibiotic resistance, and host-pathogen interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review microbial gene duplication and amplification (GDA) in bacteria.
  • To highlight the medical and evolutionary impacts of GDA.
  • To discuss the interplay of GDA with horizontal gene transfer and experimental evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent bacterial examples.
  • Analysis of GDA's role in adaptation and evolution.
  • Discussion of experimental evolution and new detection methods.

Main Results:

  • GDA significantly impacts bacterial traits, including antibiotic resistance.
  • Interplay between GDA and horizontal gene transfer shapes bacterial evolution.
  • Experimental evolution validates GDA's role in genetic change.

Conclusions:

  • Microbial GDA is a critical factor in bacterial evolution and disease.
  • New detection methods enhance understanding and application of GDA.
  • GDA has significant potential in genetic engineering, synthetic biology, and biotechnology.