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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays areĀ  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. TheĀ  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
Electron tomography can be performed either in TEM or STEM (scanning transmission...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Measurements of Long-range Electronic Correlations During Femtosecond Diffraction Experiments Performed on Nanocrystals of Buckminsterfullerene
08:44

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Published on: August 22, 2017

The extraction of single-particle diffraction patterns from a multiple-particle diffraction pattern.

A V Martin1, A J Morgan, T Ekeberg

  • 1ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, School of Physics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia. andrew.martin@unimelb.edu.au

Optics Express
|July 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New methods allow single biological molecule imaging with X-ray lasers, even when multiple particles are hit. This technique extracts valuable data from stochastic particle delivery, improving three-dimensional imaging capabilities.

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Structural Biology
  • X-ray Science

Background:

  • X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) offer potential for determining biological molecule structures without crystallization.
  • Current single-particle imaging methods using XFELs are limited by stochastic particle delivery, with a maximum yield of 37% for single-particle measurements.
  • A significant portion of XFEL pulses either miss particles or hit multiple particles, leading to data loss.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and demonstrate a method for extracting single-particle diffraction patterns from XFEL data containing multiple particles.
  • To enhance the data yield for three-dimensional imaging of biological molecules using XFELs.

Main Methods:

  • Recording coherent diffraction patterns from multiple identical molecules in an X-ray beam.
  • Developing algorithms to extract individual molecular diffraction patterns from multi-particle events.
  • Analyzing diffraction patterns assuming sufficient separation between particles within the beam.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the feasibility of extracting single-particle diffraction patterns even when multiple particles are present in the X-ray beam.
  • Showcased a technique to recover data from previously unusable multi-particle events.
  • Indicated a significant potential increase in data acquisition for single-particle imaging.

Conclusions:

  • The developed method can substantially improve the efficiency of X-ray laser-based single-particle imaging.
  • This technique addresses a key limitation in current XFEL single-particle analysis, paving the way for more comprehensive structural determination.
  • The findings promise to accelerate the 3D imaging of identical biological particles with X-ray lasers.