Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Arch of Aorta01:10

The Arch of Aorta

The coronary arteries, originating from the ascending aorta, bifurcate from two sinuses located within the ascending aorta. Positioned just above the aortic semilunar valve, these sinuses house essential aortic baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, crucial for maintaining cardiac function. The left coronary artery and the right coronary artery branch off from the left posterior and anterior aortic sinuses, respectively.
Encircling the heart, the coronary arteries form a ring-like structure before...
Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
Veins of Head and Neck01:19

Veins of Head and Neck

The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
Thoracic Aorta01:15

Thoracic Aorta

The thoracic section of the aorta begins at the T5 vertebra and extends to the T12 level at the diaphragm, initially progressing through the mediastinum to the left of the spinal column. Throughout its course in the thoracic segment, the thoracic aorta emits various offshoots known collectively as visceral and parietal branches. The branches that predominantly supply blood to visceral organs are termed visceral branches and include bronchial, pericardial, esophageal, and mediastinal arteries,...
Bone Markings01:26

Bone Markings

Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
Articulating Projections
Articulating projections are found where two bones meet to form a joint. These structures are usually found at the ends of bones. The largest articulation is a rounded projection called the head, supported by a narrow neck at the ends of...
Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones01:29

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Segmental vertebral artery agenesis with deep cervical reconstitution in a cervicothoracic variant cluster.

Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA·2026
Same author

Foramen rotundum versus canal of the maxillary verve.

Surgical and radiologic anatomy : SRA·2026
Same author

Trigeminal-Facial Nerve Anatomical Connections and Their Clinical Value: A Narrative Review.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same authorSame journal

Prevalence of the high-riding vertebral artery depends on how it is defined: a meta-analysis with implications for C2 screw fixation.

Anatomical science international·2026
Same author

From Golden Hour to Hospital Survivability: Treatment-System Degradation as the New Center of Gravity in Modern Military Medicine.

Military medicine·2026
Same author

Ossification of the mandible: A regional composite model of intramembranous, parachondral, and endochondral mechanisms.

Archives of oral biology·2026
Same journal

Common hepatic artery branching from the superior mesenteric artery with a common trunk of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery and first jejunal artery.

Anatomical science international·2026
Same journal

Morphological and ultrastructural study of selected endocrine gland (thyroid, ultimobranchial, and adrenal) in Egyptian Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavos).

Anatomical science international·2026
Same journal

Sphenoid sinus pneumatization types, extensions and adjacent neurovascular structures: a systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression.

Anatomical science international·2026
Same journal

Anatomical investigation of the superficial venous drainage of the suboccipital surface of the cerebellum.

Anatomical science international·2026
Same journal

Departmental analysis of robotic cadaver surgical training outcomes at Tottori university robotic surgery training and medical device innovation center.

Anatomical science international·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
14:58

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

Published on: October 20, 2017

Fenestrated vertebral artery.

Mugurel Constantin Rusu1, Elena Pop

  • 1Discipline of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Bd. Eroilor Sanitari, 76241, Bucharest, Romania. anatomon@gmail.com

Anatomical Science International
|July 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A rare fenestrated vertebral artery (fVA) variant was found in an adult specimen. This fVA had unique branching patterns supplying cerebellar arteries, impacting blood flow in the brainstem region.

More Related Videos

Endovascular Perforation Model for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Combined with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
06:30

Endovascular Perforation Model for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Combined with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Published on: December 16, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
14:58

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

Published on: October 20, 2017

Endovascular Perforation Model for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Combined with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
06:30

Endovascular Perforation Model for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Combined with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Published on: December 16, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neuroanatomy
  • Vascular Anatomy
  • Cerebrovascular Morphology

Background:

  • Vertebral artery fenestrations are uncommon vascular anomalies typically diagnosed via angiography.
  • Understanding variations in the vertebrobasilar system is crucial for neurovascular procedures.

Observation:

  • A left-sided fenestrated vertebral artery (fVA) was identified through microdissection of an adult anatomical specimen.
  • The distal fVA exhibited a fenestration, dividing into two distinct branches: a larger caudal arm and a smaller cranial arm.
  • Specific anatomical relationships were noted, including the insertion points of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) and the origin of the anterior spinal artery.

Findings:

  • The caudal arm of the fVA gave rise to the anterior spinal artery.
  • The anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) was rudimentary, with its territory supplied by the PICA.
  • An anastomosis connected the rostral arm of the fVA to the AICA, running ventral to the olive, and both supplied perforating arteries.

Implications:

  • This case highlights a unique fenestrated vertebral artery morphology with significant implications for blood supply to the cerebellum and brainstem.
  • Detailed knowledge of such arterial variations is essential for surgeons and interventionalists performing procedures in the posterior cranial fossa.
  • The findings contribute to the anatomical database of vertebrobasilar system variations, aiding in the interpretation of imaging and surgical planning.