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Related Concept Videos

Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria01:29

Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria

The DNA replication, transcription, and translation processes are intricately coupled in bacteria, allowing efficient gene expression and rapid protein synthesis. While this physical and functional coordination is advantageous, it introduces challenges that bacteria overcome through specific regulatory mechanisms.Coupling of Replication, Transcription, and TranslationThe coupling of replication, transcription, and translation is a hallmark of bacterial gene expression. As the replisome unwinds...
Bacterial Transcription01:53

Bacterial Transcription

RNA polymerase (RNAP) carries out DNA-dependent RNA synthesis in both bacteria and eukaryotes. Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. So, transcription and translation occur simultaneously, on the same DNA template.
Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes02:42

Transcription Attenuation in Prokaryotes

Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure.  Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
There are several different mechanisms used to attenuate transcription. In ribosome mediated...
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

A Fast and Reliable Pipeline for Bacterial Transcriptome Analysis Case study: Serine-dependent Gene Regulation in Streptococcus pneumoniae
10:18

A Fast and Reliable Pipeline for Bacterial Transcriptome Analysis Case study: Serine-dependent Gene Regulation in Streptococcus pneumoniae

Published on: April 25, 2015

Current challenges in bacterial transcriptomics.

Suhyung Cho1, Yoobok Cho, Sooin Lee

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences and KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea.

Genomics & Informatics
|July 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Next-generation sequencing reveals bacterial transcriptomes are far more complex than previously thought, with extensive small RNAs, antisense RNAs, and alternative transcripts. This revolutionizes our understanding of bacterial gene regulation and genome complexity.

Keywords:
RNA sequencingantisense RNAnext-generation sequencingsatellite RNAtranscription initiation sitetranscriptome

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Genome-wide Quantification of Translation in Budding Yeast by Ribosome Profiling
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Genome-wide Quantification of Translation in Budding Yeast by Ribosome Profiling

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A Fast and Reliable Pipeline for Bacterial Transcriptome Analysis Case study: Serine-dependent Gene Regulation in Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Published on: April 25, 2015

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation
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Genome-wide Quantification of Translation in Budding Yeast by Ribosome Profiling
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Genome-wide Quantification of Translation in Budding Yeast by Ribosome Profiling

Published on: December 21, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Recent advancements in sequencing technologies have enabled large-scale genomic and transcriptomic analyses.
  • Bacterial genomes were historically considered simple, with limited attention paid to whole-transcriptome studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how current transcriptomics are revolutionizing the understanding of bacterial transcriptome complexity and regulation.
  • To highlight recent RNA sequencing findings that reveal unexpected complexity in bacterial transcriptomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) studies.
  • Analysis of data revealing small RNAs, antisense RNAs, and alternative transcripts.

Main Results:

  • Bacterial transcriptomes exhibit unexpected complexity, with transcribed genomic regions being larger than anticipated.
  • Identification of a wide array of small RNAs, antisense RNAs, and alternative transcripts in bacteria.
  • RNA sequencing data challenges the traditional view of simple bacterial genomes.

Conclusions:

  • Current transcriptomics are fundamentally changing our view of bacterial gene expression.
  • The complexity of bacterial transcriptomes is greater than previously understood, impacting our knowledge of bacterial regulation.
  • Further research into bacterial transcriptomes is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of bacterial biology.