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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

"Hidden" bone metastasis from thyroid carcinoma: a clinical note.

C Sioka¹, M C Skarulis², M K Tulloch-Reid³

¹Nuclear Medicine Division, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Revista Espanola De Medicina Nuclear E Imagen Molecular

|July 13, 2013

Summary

Interpreting radioactive iodine (131I) whole-body scans for thyroid cancer can be challenging. Lateral imaging or SPECT/CT can help identify skull lesions obscured in standard scans.

Keywords:

(131)I-Iodide Cáncer folicular de tiroides Enfermedad metastásica Follicular thyroid cancer Metastatic disease Radioiodine therapy SPECT Terapia con yodo radioactivo Yodo radioactivo (131)I

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Published on: April 17, 2013

Area of Science:

Nuclear medicine
Oncology
Radiology

Background:

Whole-body scans using radioactive iodine (131I) are crucial for diagnosing and monitoring thyroid carcinoma.
Interpreting these scans can be complex due to anatomical limitations and image overlap.

Observation:

A case of follicular thyroid carcinoma presented a posterior skull lesion on a diagnostic whole-body 131I scan.
The lesion was partially obscured by facial structures in the standard two-dimensional view.
A lateral head view clearly visualized the abnormality.

Findings:

SPECT/CT and MRI confirmed the lesion's origin in the occipital bone, extending into the posterior fossa.
The mass was successfully removed surgically.
The patient subsequently received 131I therapy for residual thyroid tissue.

Implications:

This case highlights a potential pitfall in the interpretation of two-dimensional radioiodine imaging.
SPECT/CT and specific lateral imaging views can overcome limitations in visualizing certain lesions.
Improved diagnostic accuracy in radioiodine imaging can lead to more effective patient management.