Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 9, 2026
Wireless Telemetry Device Implantation in a Fontan Ovine Model for Continuous and Long-Term Hemodynamic Monitoring
Published on: May 2, 2025
Prognostic value of submaximal exercise data for cardiac morbidity in Fontan patients
Chun-An Chen1, Ssu-Yuan Chen, Hsin-Hui Chiu
11Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, TAIWAN; 2Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, TAIWAN; 3Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, TAIWAN; 4Cardiac Children's Foundation, TAIWAN; and 5Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, TAIWAN.
Introduction:
Submaximal exercise parameters are associated with an increased risk of hospitalization in patients with heart failure, but the implication in patients with Fontan circulation remains unknown. We investigated the prognostic value of these parameters in a Fontan cohort, in whom maximal exercise effort is often limited.
Methods:
Fifty-two Fontan patients received cardiopulmonary exercise tests at least 12 months after Fontan completion. We evaluated two maximal parameters (peak oxygen consumption (V˙O2) and HR reserve) and two submaximal parameters (oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) and minute ventilation (V˙E) to carbon dioxide elimination (V˙CO2) slope).
Results:
The peak V˙O2 and OUES were 58.0% ± 11.2% and 56.6% ± 14.5% of the age- and sex-related predicted values. In the subsequent follow-up (median, 22.7 months), 11 patients (21%, including one death) exhibited cardiac morbidity, defined as cardiac-related hospitalization. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that only submaximal parameters were related to 2-yr cardiac morbidity (area under the curve for OUES 0.781, P = 0.018; for V˙E/V˙CO2 slope 0.714, P = 0.04), even in the subgroup achieved maximal exercise effort. The optimal threshold value for OUES was 45%, and for the V˙E/V˙CO2 slope, it was 37. Furthermore, the OUES conveyed independent prognostic information beyond resting oxygen saturation and a history of heart failure or protein-losing enteropathy.
Conclusion:
Submaximal exercise parameters provide superior prognostic information to maximal exercise data for predicting cardiac morbidity in Fontan patients. Moreover, the association between the OUES and cardiac morbidity is independent of relevant baseline clinical information.
