Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection, and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs through the...

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Safety and Efficacy of STREAMLINE Canaloplasty with Phacoemulsification in Hispanic Adults with Open-Angle Glaucoma: 12-Month Outcomes.

Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)·2025

Same author

Five-Year Treatment Outcomes of Resident-Performed Ahmed Valve Implantation for Glaucoma.

Journal of glaucoma·2024

Same author

Combined Phacoemulsification and STREAMLINE Surgical System Canal of Schlemm Transluminal Dilation in Eyes of Hispanic Patients with Mild to Moderate Glaucoma.

Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.)·2023

Same author

Prevalence of hypertensive phase and outcomes in patients with Ahmed valve implantation at one year of follow-up and evaluation of associated risk factors.

Indian journal of ophthalmology·2023

Same author

Outcomes after combined excisional goniotomy and manual small incision cataract surgery.

International journal of ophthalmology·2022

Same author

Knowledge and awareness of glaucoma in Mexican patients with and without glaucoma diagnosis in an Ophthalmology Referral Center.

International journal of ophthalmology·2022

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation

Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation

Published on: March 12, 2016

Topical glaucoma therapy cost in Mexico.

Gabriel Lazcano-Gomez¹, Alejandra Hernandez-Oteyza, María José Iriarte-Barbosa

¹Asociación Para Evitar la Ceguera en México, I.A.P., Vicente Gacía Torres 46, Barrio San Lucas, CP 04030, Mexico, DF, Mexico.

International Ophthalmology

|July 13, 2013

Summary

The annual cost of glaucoma medications in Mexico varies widely, with beta-blockers being the least expensive. Glaucoma drug costs increased significantly between 2009 and 2012.

More Related Videos

Intracameral Injection in Rats with Low Risk of Adverse Effects

Intracameral Injection in Rats with Low Risk of Adverse Effects

Published on: May 31, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation

Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation

Published on: March 12, 2016

Intracameral Injection in Rats with Low Risk of Adverse Effects

Intracameral Injection in Rats with Low Risk of Adverse Effects

Published on: May 31, 2024

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Health Economics

Background:

Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness.
Glaucoma treatment costs represent a significant economic burden, primarily driven by medication expenses.

Purpose of the Study:

To calculate the annual costs of commonly prescribed glaucoma medications in Mexico.
To compare the costs of different glaucoma drug classes and formulations.
To analyze cost trends over a specific period.

Main Methods:

Calculated annual medication costs based on average wholesale prices (AWP) and standard dosage regimens in Mexico.
Compared costs across different therapeutic classes: beta-blockers, alpha-2 agonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and prostaglandin analogs.
Analyzed cost changes between 2009 and 2012.

Main Results:

Annual medication costs ranged from USD 4.97 (timolol) to USD 675.39 (brimonidine).
Beta-blockers were the least expensive class (USD 20.44-55.44 annually).
The average annual cost of glaucoma treatments increased by 27.87% from 2009 to 2012.

Conclusions:

Glaucoma medication costs in Mexico appear lower than in other countries, potentially due to lower AWPs, especially for domestically produced drugs.
Significant cost variations exist among different glaucoma drug classes and specific medications.
The rising cost of glaucoma therapy necessitates ongoing economic evaluation.