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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Microbes and Climate Change01:27

Microbes and Climate Change

Microorganisms are pivotal agents in Earth's biogeochemical cycles, significantly influencing climate dynamics through their metabolic activities. These microbes modulate the levels of key greenhouse gases by both contributing to and helping mitigate climate change.Microbial Contributions to Greenhouse Gas EmissionsRising global temperatures accelerate microbial metabolism, which, in turn, speeds up the decomposition of organic matter. This process releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) through...
The Carbon Cycle01:14

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
Carbon-dioxide Fixation01:28

Carbon-dioxide Fixation

Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...
meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for the...
Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood01:19

Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood

Carbon dioxide (CO2) transport in the blood is critical to human physiology. On average, our body cells produce around 200 mL of CO2 per minute, precisely the quantity expelled by the lungs. This process involves the transportation of CO2 from the tissue cells to the lungs in three primary forms.
Forms of CO2 Transport
1. Dissolved in plasma: A small percentage (7-10%) of CO2 is transported and dissolved directly in the plasma.
2. Carbaminohemoglobin: Just over 20% of CO2 is chemically bound to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System (FFS) for the Quantification of Methane Emissions
08:18

Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System (FFS) for the Quantification of Methane Emissions

Published on: June 12, 2016

Joint CO2 and CH4 accountability for global warming.

Kirk R Smith1, Manish A Desai, Jamesine V Rogers

  • 1Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA. krksmith@berkeley.edu

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary

We introduce a climate debt index including methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Australia leads per capita due to CH4, highlighting differential international accountability for climate change.

Keywords:
differentiated responsibilitiessustainability metrics

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Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System (FFS) for the Quantification of Methane Emissions
08:18

Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System (FFS) for the Quantification of Methane Emissions

Published on: June 12, 2016

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers
11:50

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers

Published on: August 3, 2014

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals
11:02

The Use of an Automated System (GreenFeed) to Monitor Enteric Methane and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Ruminant Animals

Published on: September 7, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Climate Science
  • Environmental Economics
  • Atmospheric Chemistry

Background:

  • Current climate change assessments often focus on carbon dioxide (CO2) alone.
  • Methane (CH4) is a potent greenhouse gas with significant climate impact.
  • A comprehensive understanding of national climate responsibilities requires incorporating multiple greenhouse gases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and calculate a transparent climate debt index that incorporates both CO2 and CH4 emissions.
  • To establish national historic emissions databases for CO2 and CH4 from 1950 to 2005.
  • To quantify the per capita and total climate debt for 205 countries.

Main Methods:

  • Developed national historic emissions databases for CO2 (fossil sources, land use, and forestry) and CH4 up to 2005.
  • Utilized IPCC AR4 impulse response functions to calculate remaining atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and CH4 in 2005.
  • Calculated the fraction of remaining global emissions per country to determine the International Natural Debt (IND) in mW/m² (per country) and μW/m² (per person).

Main Results:

  • Australia emerges as the most indebted large country per capita due to high CH4 emissions, surpassing the United States (highest for CO2).
  • The climate debt gap between developed and developing nations remains significant, though it has narrowed.
  • Reducing CH4 emissions by 46% could achieve the same 2050 global IND impact as eliminating CO2 emissions entirely, with country-specific variations.

Conclusions:

  • Incorporating CH4 into climate debt calculations significantly alters the narrative of international accountability.
  • The proposed International Natural Debt (IND) metric provides a more holistic view of climate responsibility.
  • Differential national strategies are implied for optimal climate change mitigation, considering both CO2 and CH4 control measures.