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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

Published on: May 7, 2014

From movement to thought: the development of executive function.

Leonard F Koziol¹, Jacob T Lutz

¹lfkoziol@aol.com

Applied Neuropsychology. Child

|July 16, 2013

Summary

This study redefines executive functioning (EF), proposing that motor development and interactive behaviors are foundational to cognitive control. This challenges traditional top-down models, highlighting the importance of sensorimotor interactions for EF development.

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

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Published on: May 7, 2014

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties

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Published on: September 27, 2020

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Psychology
Cognitive Science

Background:

Traditional models define executive functioning (EF) as a top-down cortical process.
This perspective overlooks the fundamental role of motor control and interactive behavior in cognitive development.
Existing EF assessment tools often lack predictive validity in children and adults.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose a novel, integrated model of executive functioning (EF).
To challenge the traditional top-down cortical control model of EF.
To emphasize the critical role of motor development and sensorimotor interaction in EF.

Main Methods:

Conceptual re-evaluation of existing theories on executive functioning (EF).
Integration of principles from developmental psychology and neuroscience.
Focus on the adaptive significance of motor control and interactive behavior.

Main Results:

Proposes that cognition develops to control the motor system, a key aspect of adaptation and EF.
Identifies procedural learning and automatic behaviors as fundamental, bottom-up functions supporting EF.
Suggests that motor development in children illustrates how knowledge is grounded in sensorimotor interaction.

Conclusions:

A new model posits that interactive behavior and motor development are central to executive functioning (EF).
This bottom-up approach highlights the significance of sensorimotor integration for cognitive control.
Recommends a greater emphasis on pediatric motor examinations for understanding EF development and improving assessment validity.