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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are employed to...

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting their diffusion into...

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the concentration...

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

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Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...

Surface Tension

Surface Tension

Surface tension is defined as the force per unit length (γ) acting along the surface of a liquid. It arises due to strong intermolecular forces of attraction. A molecule located inside the bulk of the liquid is surrounded by other molecules and experiences equal forces in all directions. However, a molecule at the surface experiences unbalanced forces because there are more neighboring molecules below than above. This creates a net inward force that pulls surface molecules toward the interior,...

Contact Angle

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When a solid is dipped inside a liquid, the liquid surface becomes curved near the contact. For some solid–liquid interfaces, the liquid is pulled up along the solid, while for others, the liquid surface is convex or depressed near the solid surface. This phenomenon can be explained using the concept of cohesive and adhesive forces.
The adhesive force is the molecular force between molecules of different materials, that is, between the molecules of the solid and the liquid. The cohesive force...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Microscopic Visualization of Porous Nanographenes Synthesized through a Combination of Solution and On-Surface Chemistry

Microscopic Visualization of Porous Nanographenes Synthesized through a Combination of Solution and On-Surface Chemistry

Published on: March 4, 2021

Blunting of conical tips by surface diffusion.

Catherine Lamstaes¹, Jens Eggers

¹Department of Mathematics, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TW, United Kingdom.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics

|July 16, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Heating a conical metal surface leads to self-similar rounded tips, with curvature scaling as time^(1/4). Smaller cone angles exhibit tip oscillations, explaining experimental fragility.

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Published on: February 11, 2020

Area of Science:

Surface science
Materials science
Thermodynamics

Background:

Metal surfaces undergo morphological changes when subjected to heat.
Understanding tip evolution is crucial for applications in nanotechnology and materials processing.
Conical geometries present unique challenges in modeling surface dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the self-similar evolution of initially conical metal surfaces under heating.
To determine the scaling laws governing the tip radius of curvature.
To analyze the phenomenon of tip oscillations in small-angle cones and its relation to fragility.

Main Methods:

Theoretical modeling of surface evolution using self-similar solutions.
Analytical characterization of tip profiles and curvature scaling.
Asymptotic analysis of oscillation amplitude and wavelength for small cone angles.

Main Results:

Self-similar solutions with rounded tips were found for all cone angles (0-90 degrees).
The radius of curvature of the rounded tips scales with time as t^(1/4).
Pronounced tip oscillations were observed for cone angles less than approximately 3 degrees, correlating with experimental fragility.

Conclusions:

The heating of conical metal surfaces results in predictable tip rounding and curvature scaling.
Observed tip oscillations in small-angle cones provide a theoretical explanation for their experimental fragility.
The findings offer insights into surface dynamics and material behavior under thermal stress.