Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Site-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Polymeric Carriers

Site-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Polymeric Carriers

Polymeric carriers enhance targeted drug delivery by increasing efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. These carriers comprise a biodegradable polymeric backbone integrated with functional elements that enable targeting, improve physicochemical properties, and regulate drug release.Targeting MechanismsThe targeting ability of polymeric carriers is mediated by a homing device, which is a molecular recognition component designed to selectively bind to specific tissues or cells. Monoclonal...

Vaccine Production

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...

Vaccines

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Overview

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Overview

Modified-release dosage forms are designed to address the limitations of drugs with short biological half-lives. These forms maintain stable therapeutic drug concentrations over extended periods, reducing the need for frequent dosing. A consistent drug level helps minimize peak-trough fluctuations, which can reduce adverse effects, lower the risk of drug resistance, and improve overall treatment effectiveness.One common type of modified-release form is the extended-release (ER) formulation. ER...

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Changes in polymorphic forms can significantly influence the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Although the FDA defines pharmaceutical equivalence based on having the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration, it does not automatically disqualify products with different polymorphic forms. This means two products with different polymorphs can still be deemed pharmaceutically equivalent. However, polymorphic differences can affect properties like wettability,...

Vaccinations

Vaccinations

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

The discovery and development of small molecule immune potentiators (SMIPs) as next-generation vaccine adjuvants, the creation of AS37.

Current opinion in virology·2026

Same author

A potent epigenetic editor targeting human PCSK9 for durable reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.

Nature medicine·2025

Same author

Microfluidic-Chip-Based Formulation and In Vivo Evaluations of Squalene Oil Emulsion Adjuvants for Subunit Vaccines.

Vaccines·2025

Same author

The scientific journey of a novel adjuvant (AS37) from bench to bedside.

NPJ vaccines·2024

Same author

CMC Regulatory Considerations for Antibody-Drug Conjugates.

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences·2023

Same author

Aluminum Adjuvants-'Back to the Future'.

Pharmaceutics·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Cationic Nanoemulsion-Encapsulated Retinoic Acid as an Adjuvant to Promote OVA-Specific Systemic and Mucosal Responses

Cationic Nanoemulsion-Encapsulated Retinoic Acid as an Adjuvant to Promote OVA-Specific Systemic and Mucosal Responses

Published on: February 23, 2024

Vaccine adjuvant formulations: a pharmaceutical perspective.

Luis A Brito¹, Padma Malyala, Derek T O'Hagan

¹Novartis Vaccines, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Seminars in Immunology

|July 16, 2013

Summary

Formulation science is critical for vaccine development. Well-characterized adjuvant formulations, including alum, emulsions, liposomes, and PLG, are essential for reproducible immune responses in vaccines.

Keywords:

Adjuvant Alum Emulsion Formulations PLG Vaccine

More Related Videos

Evaluating the Immune Response of a Nanoemulsion Adjuvant Vaccine Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infection

Evaluating the Immune Response of a Nanoemulsion Adjuvant Vaccine Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infection

Published on: September 1, 2023

Cellular Affinity of Particle-Stabilized Emulsion to Boost Antigen Internalization

Cellular Affinity of Particle-Stabilized Emulsion to Boost Antigen Internalization

Published on: September 2, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Cationic Nanoemulsion-Encapsulated Retinoic Acid as an Adjuvant to Promote OVA-Specific Systemic and Mucosal Responses

Cationic Nanoemulsion-Encapsulated Retinoic Acid as an Adjuvant to Promote OVA-Specific Systemic and Mucosal Responses

Published on: February 23, 2024

Evaluating the Immune Response of a Nanoemulsion Adjuvant Vaccine Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infection

Evaluating the Immune Response of a Nanoemulsion Adjuvant Vaccine Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infection

Published on: September 1, 2023

Cellular Affinity of Particle-Stabilized Emulsion to Boost Antigen Internalization

Cellular Affinity of Particle-Stabilized Emulsion to Boost Antigen Internalization

Published on: September 2, 2022

Area of Science:

Vaccinology
Formulation Science
Immunology

Background:

Formulation science is often overlooked in vaccinology.
Adjuvant and antigen interactions significantly influence vaccine-induced immune responses.
Complex biopharmaceutical formulations require careful characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight essential attributes for well-characterized adjuvant formulations.
To examine challenges and opportunities in established vaccine adjuvant platforms.
To emphasize the importance of robust formulation in vaccine development.

Main Methods:

Review of 5 established vaccine adjuvant platforms: alum, emulsions, liposomes, PLG, and ISCOMs.
Inclusion of immune stimulatory molecules like MPL.
Analysis of formulation complexity and its impact on immune responses.

Main Results:

Vaccine formulation is more than a simple mixture of components.
Each adjuvant platform (alum, emulsions, liposomes, PLG, ISCOMs, MPL) presents unique challenges and opportunities.
The relationship between antigen and adjuvant is crucial for efficacy.

Conclusions:

Well-characterized adjuvant formulations are critical for vaccine development.
Robust formulation ensures reproducible preclinical and clinical study results.
Advancements in formulation science are key to future vaccine innovation.