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Maintenance of the ES Cell State

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Probing for Mitochondrial Complex Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Probing for Mitochondrial Complex Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: June 17, 2008

Mitochondrial regulation in pluripotent stem cells.

Xiuling Xu¹, Shunlei Duan, Fei Yi

¹National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.

Cell Metabolism

|July 16, 2013

Summary

Mitochondria are crucial for stem cell pluripotency and differentiation. Reprogramming induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) requires a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, impacting cell fate and disease research.

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Probing for Mitochondrial Complex Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells

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Published on: June 17, 2008

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Multiple Mitochondrial Parameters in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Their Neural and Glial Derivatives

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Published on: November 8, 2021

A Live-cell Image-Based Machine Learning Strategy to Monitor Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation

A Live-cell Image-Based Machine Learning Strategy to Monitor Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation

Published on: October 4, 2024

Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Metabolic Regulation
Stem Cell Science

Background:

Mitochondria, traditionally known as the cell's powerhouse, are increasingly recognized for their roles beyond energy production.
Recent studies highlight mitochondria's involvement in maintaining pluripotency, driving differentiation, and enabling reprogramming of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the metabolic shifts involving mitochondria during stem cell reprogramming.
To understand the interplay between mitochondrial function and pluripotency maintenance.

Main Methods:

Comparative analysis of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis in pluripotent and differentiated cells.
Investigation of metabolic transitions during induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) reprogramming.

Main Results:

Pluripotent stem cells primarily utilize glycolysis for energy.
Cell differentiation necessitates an increase in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.
Successful reprogramming of somatic cells into iPSCs requires a metabolic switch from oxidative metabolism to glycolysis.

Conclusions:

Mitochondrial metabolism plays a pivotal role in regulating stem cell states and reprogramming efficiency.
Understanding these metabolic dynamics is key for advancing stem cell therapies and research into mitochondrial diseases and aging.