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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Clinical Efficacy of Ultrasound-Assisted Scoliosis-Specific Exercise in Mild-Grade Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
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Exercise for improving age-related hyperkyphotic posture: a systematic review.

Symron Bansal1, Wendy B Katzman2, Lora M Giangregorio1

  • 1Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
|July 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Exercise may improve age-related hyperkyphosis (excessive thoracic kyphosis) in adults over 45. While data is limited, positive results in some studies suggest exercise is beneficial and warrants further research.

Keywords:
AgedBESExerciseITTKyphosisRCTRehabilitationVCFback extensor muscle strengthintention-to-treat analysisrandomized controlled trialvertebral compression fracture

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Area of Science:

  • Geriatric Medicine
  • Physical Therapy
  • Rehabilitative Medicine

Background:

  • Hyperkyphosis, characterized by an excessive thoracic kyphosis angle (≥40°), is common in adults aged 45 and older.
  • This condition can impact posture, mobility, and quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review existing research on the effectiveness of exercise interventions in reducing thoracic kyphosis in adults aged 45+ with hyperkyphosis.
  • To assess the quality of evidence and identify potential benefits of exercise for this population.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL databases, supplemented by conference proceedings.
  • Studies were screened for relevance, and data on exercise interventions, participant characteristics, and outcomes were extracted by independent reviewers.
  • Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool; a formal meta-analysis was not performed.

Main Results:

  • Thirteen studies were included in the review, with 8 reporting improvements in at least one measure of posture.
  • Common sources of bias included lack of participant blinding and incomplete outcome data.
  • Exercise adherence was generally reported as acceptable in studies involving individuals with age-related hyperkyphosis.

Conclusions:

  • The current body of evidence is limited in quantity and quality, precluding a definitive pooled estimate of exercise's effect on hyperkyphosis.
  • However, positive findings in higher-quality studies suggest a potential benefit of exercise.
  • Further well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the efficacy of exercise interventions for hyperkyphosis.