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Related Concept Videos

Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal01:27

Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal

Rectal temperature measurement is considered the most precise method for assessing core body temperature and typically registers higher than oral temperature. For adults, the rectal thermometer should be inserted 1 to 1.5 inches into the rectum to obtain the most accurate reading.
Follow these steps for rectal temperature assessment:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don clean gloves to prevent cross-infection.
Step 2: Position the patient in a side-lying position to better visualize the rectal...
Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...
Assessing Body Temperature - Oral01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Oral

Here are the steps to accurately measure oral temperature using an electronic thermometer:
Step 1:
Start by practicing proper hand hygiene to prevent the spread of microorganisms.
Step 2:
Take the thermometer out of the charging unit, switch it on, and wait for the ready sign.
Step 3:
Gently slide the probe cover until a click is heard. This simple action prevents cross-contamination and ensures the correct placement of the probe cover.
Step 4:
Instruct the patient to open their mouth and place...
Assessing Body Temperature - Tympanic membrane01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Tympanic membrane

Assessing tympanic membrane temperature involves using a tympanic membrane thermometer (TMT). Here is a step-by-step guide:
Step 1: Begin by practicing good hand hygiene to prevent the transmission of microorganisms.
Step 2: Turn on the thermometer and wait until the ready sign appears on the screen to ensure accurate measurement.
Step 3: Slide the probe cover in place to prevent cross-contamination.
Step 4: Instruct the patient to tilt their head to the side for comfort and check for cerumen...
Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla

Procedural Guide for Assessing Axillary Body Temperature using a Digital Thermometer:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and put on clean gloves to maintain infection control and prevent cross-contamination.
Step 2: Prepare the patient by explaining the procedure to ensure understanding and cooperation. Ensure privacy, expose the axilla, and inform the patient that minimal movement is crucial for an accurate reading.
Step 3: Adjust the patient’s clothing to expose only the axilla. It minimizes...
Cholera01:25

Cholera

Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route through the ingestion of contaminated water or food.Vibrio cholerae is a motile, Gram-negative bacterium of the family Vibrionaceae, primarily associated with waterborne outbreaks in areas with inadequate sanitation. Although over 200 serogroups of V. cholerae exist, only O1 and O139 are responsible for epidemic cholera. The O1 serogroup,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Epithelial Cell Infection Analyses with Shigella
04:56

Epithelial Cell Infection Analyses with Shigella

Published on: February 9, 2024

Shigella takes the temperature.

V K Viswanathan1

  • 1Veterinary Science and Microbiology; University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA. vkv@email.arizona.edu

Gut Microbes
|July 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Bacteria use temperature as a cue to infect hosts. A recent study shows an RNA thermometer controls a key protein needed for Shigella dysenteriae and pathogenic Escherichia coli to cause disease.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Bacterial Pathogenesis
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Bacteria utilize environmental cues, such as temperature, to regulate gene expression for host invasion.
  • Pathogenic bacteria often activate virulence and metabolic genes at host physiological temperatures (approximately 37°C).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of RNA thermometers in regulating bacterial virulence gene expression.
  • To determine if RNA thermometers control the expression of heme uptake proteins in pathogenic bacteria.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of gene expression in Shigella dysenteriae and pathogenic Escherichia coli.
  • Investigating the function of RNA thermometers in controlling virulence factor production.

Main Results:

Keywords:
ListeriaPrfARNA thermometerShigellaShuAUPEChemeiron

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Imaging Ca2+ Responses During Shigella Infection of Epithelial Cells

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

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  • The expression of a crucial heme uptake protein in Shigella dysenteriae and pathogenic Escherichia coli was found to be regulated by an RNA thermometer.
  • This RNA thermometer likely enables bacteria to sense and respond to host temperature.

Conclusions:

  • RNA thermometers are key regulatory elements in bacterial pathogens, controlling virulence factor expression in response to temperature.
  • Targeting RNA thermometers could represent a novel strategy for combating bacterial infections.