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Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
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Creatine supplementation.

Matthew Hall1, Thomas H Trojian

  • 1Department of Family Medicine, University of Connecticut, San Francis Hospital, Hartford, CT 06105, USA.

Current Sports Medicine Reports
|July 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Creatine monohydrate enhances muscle performance in high-intensity exercise by boosting adenosine triphosphate. While generally safe, potential long-term effects require further research.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Nutritional Biochemistry

Background:

  • Creatine monohydrate is a popular dietary supplement.
  • It enhances muscle performance in short-duration, high-intensity resistance exercises.
  • This effect is mediated by the phosphocreatine shuttle for adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the effective dosing strategies for creatine supplementation.
  • To evaluate the safety and efficacy of different forms of creatine.
  • To identify potential adverse effects associated with creatine use.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on creatine supplementation.
  • Analysis of dosing protocols, including loading and maintenance phases.
  • Examination of reported adverse effects and safety concerns.

Main Results:

  • Effective dosing involves loading (0.3 g·kg·d for 5–7 days) followed by maintenance (0.03 g·kg·d for 4–6 wk).
  • Loading doses are not essential for increasing intramuscular creatine stores.
  • Creatine monohydrate is the most effective form; others like creatine ethyl ester offer no added benefits.
  • The most common side effect is transient water retention.
  • Rare cases of liver and renal complications have been reported with combined or excessive long-term use.

Conclusions:

  • Creatine monohydrate is effective for enhancing muscle performance.
  • Standard dosing protocols exist, but loading is not mandatory.
  • Creatine monohydrate is generally safe, with transient water retention as the primary side effect.
  • Further research is needed on long-term safety and potential adverse effects.