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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

Integration of Synaptic Events

Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism01:30

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism

Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
Electrical Synapses01:28

Electrical Synapses

Electrical synapses found in all nervous systems play important and unique roles. In these synapses, the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are very close together (3.5 nm) and are actually physically connected by channel proteins forming gap junctions.
Gap junctions allow the current to pass directly from one cell to the next. In contrast, in the chemical synapse, the neurotransmitters carry the information through the synaptic cleft from one neuron to the next. They consist of two...
The Synapse02:47

The Synapse

Neurons communicate with one another by passing on their electrical signals to other neurons. A synapse is the location where two neurons meet to exchange signals. At the synapse, the neuron that sends the signal is called the presynaptic cell, while the neuron that receives the message is called the postsynaptic cell. Note that most neurons can be both presynaptic and postsynaptic, as they both transmit and receive information.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Interrogation of Long-Range Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity from Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Lateral Entorhinal Cortex
11:31

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Interrogation of Long-Range Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity from Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Lateral Entorhinal Cortex

Published on: February 25, 2022

Floating gate synapses with spike-time-dependent plasticity.

S Ramakrishnan, P E Hasler, C Gordon

    IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
    |July 16, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces a novel floating-gate synapse device for nonvolatile weight storage and biological learning rules like spike-time dependent plasticity. A scalable synapse matrix architecture is also presented for efficient implementation.

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    Published on: February 25, 2022

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    Inducing Plasticity of Astrocytic Receptors by Manipulation of Neuronal Firing Rates

    Published on: March 20, 2014

    Area of Science:

    • Neuromorphic engineering
    • Solid-state device physics

    Background:

    • Floating-gate transistors offer nonvolatile memory capabilities.
    • Biological synapses exhibit plasticity crucial for learning.
    • Existing artificial synapse designs face scalability challenges.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe a single transistor floating-gate synapse device.
    • To demonstrate its capability in storing weights and computing biological excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP).
    • To implement biological learning rules, including Long-Term Potentiation (LTP), Long-Term Depression (LTD), and spike-time dependent plasticity (STDP).

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication and characterization of a single transistor floating-gate synapse.
    • Development of a scalable architecture for a synapse matrix.
    • Extraction of weight update parameters for a 0.35 µm process.

    Main Results:

    • The device successfully stores weights nonvolatily.
    • It computes biological EPSP and demonstrates LTP, LTD, and STDP.
    • Extracted parameters allow prediction of weight changes based on spike timing.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed floating-gate synapse device and scalable architecture are promising for neuromorphic computing.
    • The device effectively mimics synaptic functions and learning rules.
    • This work provides a foundation for building large-scale, efficient neuromorphic systems.