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Related Concept Videos

Evolution of Microbial Genome01:08

Evolution of Microbial Genome

Microbial genome evolution is a highly dynamic process shaped by continual gene gain and loss across species and strains. This genomic flexibility allows microorganisms to adapt rapidly to environmental pressures and interactions with other organisms. Central to understanding this diversity is the distinction between the core and pan genomes.The core genome comprises the genes shared by all sampled strains of a species, representing essential functions needed for fundamental cellular processes.
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
Evolution of New Traits in Microbes01:24

Evolution of New Traits in Microbes

Microorganisms evolve rapidly due to their large population sizes and short generation times, often exhibiting measurable changes within days under laboratory conditions. Natural selection acts on standing genetic variation, enabling the retention and amplification of beneficial traits that confer fitness advantages in changing environments.Adaptive Pigment Regulation in RhodobacterIn Rhodobacter, a genus of purple non-sulfur bacteria, light-harvesting pigments such as bacteriochlorophyll and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
04:52

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations

Published on: February 3, 2023

Hidden magicians of genome evolution.

C Sandeep Kumar1, Sameera Fatima Qureshi, Altaf Ali

  • 1Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India.

The Indian Journal of Medical Research
|July 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile DNA sequences that drive genome evolution. While often silenced, their beneficial roles in eukaryotic genome structure and function are increasingly recognized.

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Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells
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Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

Published on: April 4, 2016

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
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Published on: February 3, 2023

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells
14:26

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

Published on: April 4, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) are integral components of eukaryotic genomes, contributing to their dynamic nature.
  • TEs can induce mutations and genetic variations, but also offer novel cellular functions after silencing.
  • Recent research highlights the significant positive evolutionary impact of TEs on host genomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the multifaceted interactions between transposable elements and host genomes.
  • To emphasize the beneficial contributions of TEs to genome evolution.
  • To showcase examples of TEs influencing eukaryotic genome structure and function.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on transposable elements and genome evolution.
  • Analysis of case studies demonstrating the beneficial roles of TEs.
  • Comparative genomics approaches to understand TE-host interactions.

Main Results:

  • Transposable elements significantly shape genome architecture and gene structure.
  • Silenced TEs can be repurposed for essential cellular functions.
  • TEs play a crucial role in the evolutionary adaptation and diversification of eukaryotic genomes.

Conclusions:

  • Transposable elements are key drivers of evolutionary innovation in eukaryotic genomes.
  • Understanding TE-host interactions is vital for comprehending genome evolution.
  • The beneficial impact of TEs on host biology is a significant area of evolutionary study.