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Aquaporins

Aquaporins

Aquaporins or AQPs are a family of integral membrane proteins whose primary function is to transport water, while some called aquaglyceroporins also transport glycerol. In addition, aquaporins have also been suspected to be involved in transporting volatile substances, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia, across membranes. Such AQPs that act as gas channels are often highly expressed in cells involved in the gaseous exchange, such as red blood cells, epithelial cells, and pulmonary capillaries.

Reabsorption and Secretion in the DCT and Collecting Duct

Reabsorption and Secretion in the DCT and Collecting Duct

The early phase of the DCT manages the reabsorption of approximately 10-15% of filtered water, 5–10% of filtered sodium, and 5–10% of filtered chloride. This process is facilitated by Na+–Cl− symporters in apical membranes and sodium-potassium pumps, as well as Cl− leakage channels in basolateral membranes. The early DCT also stands out as a site where parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates calcium reabsorption, depending on the body's requirements.
The distal part of the DCT, along with the...

Regulation of Water Output

Regulation of Water Output

The human body predominantly expels water through the urinary system. On average, an individual generates around 1.5 liters of urine each day. This amount can fluctuate based on how well a person is hydrated, but a critical minimum quantity of urine must be produced to ensure the body's proper functioning. Daily, the kidneys remove 600 to 1200 milliosmoles of dissolved substances, effectively excreting excess minerals and water-soluble toxins such as creatinine, urea, and uric acid from the...

Regulation of Water Intake

Regulation of Water Intake

Osmolality refers to the number of solute particles per kilogram of solvent in a solution. Plasma osmolality specifically indicates the total number of solute particles per kilogram of water in blood plasma. This value reflects the body's hydration status and is tightly regulated through mechanisms controlling water intake and output. While water consumption is a conscious decision, the body has intrinsic regulatory systems to maintain fluid balance. Dehydration, a state of water deficit...

Physiology of the Genitourinary System II: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

Physiology of the Genitourinary System II: Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion

The kidneys maintain homeostasis through filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Tubular reabsorption and secretion are crucial in forming urine and regulating electrolytes, water balance, and waste elimination.Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion ProcessesTubular reabsorption is the process that reclaims essential substances such as electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, and water from the glomerular filtrate back into the bloodstream. This is achieved through passive and active transport...

Endocrine Signaling

Endocrine Signaling

Endocrine cells produce hormones to communicate with remote target cells found in other organs. The hormone reaches these distant areas using the circulatory system. This exposes the whole organism to the hormone but only those cells expressing hormone receptors or target cells are affected. Thus, endocrine signaling induces slow responses from its target cells but these effects also last longer.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Tracking Single Proteins in Lipid Bilayers Using Fluorescence Microscopy

Tracking Single Proteins in Lipid Bilayers Using Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: December 12, 2025

New insights into regulated aquaporin-2 function.

Robert A Fenton¹, Cecilie Noehr Pedersen, Hanne B Moeller

¹Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University and Center for Interactions of Proteins in Epithelial Transport, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. rofe@ana.au.dk

Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension

|July 16, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

New insights reveal that aquaporin-2 (AQP2) regulation involves post-translational modifications and lipid interactions, crucial for kidney water balance. This fine-tuning of AQP2 function maintains body water homeostasis.

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Tracking Single Proteins in Lipid Bilayers Using Fluorescence Microscopy

Tracking Single Proteins in Lipid Bilayers Using Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: December 12, 2025

Culturing Primary Rat Inner Medullary Collecting Duct Cells

Culturing Primary Rat Inner Medullary Collecting Duct Cells

Published on: June 21, 2013

Sample Preparation using a Lipid Monolayer Method for Electron Crystallographic Studies

Sample Preparation using a Lipid Monolayer Method for Electron Crystallographic Studies

Published on: November 20, 2021

Area of Science:

Cell biology
Renal physiology
Molecular mechanisms

Background:

Aquaporin-2 (AQP2) water channels are critical for kidney collecting duct function and urine concentration.
Recent technological advancements have accelerated our understanding of AQP2 regulation.
This review focuses on recent cell biological insights into AQP2 regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight new findings on AQP2 function and regulation.
To emphasize the cell biological aspects of AQP2 regulation.
To provide an updated overview of AQP2 research.

Main Methods:

Review of recent scientific literature.
Analysis of cell biological studies on AQP2.
Investigation of post-translational modifications and membrane trafficking.

Main Results:

AQP2 undergoes regulated phosphorylation and ubiquitination, impacting its function, localization, and degradation.
Endocytosis (clathrin- and non-clathrin-mediated) and exocytosis are key to controlling AQP2 membrane abundance.
AQP2 interacts with membrane microdomains (rafts), influenced by cholesterol levels, affecting its trafficking.
Emerging evidence suggests noncanonical roles for AQP2, such as in epithelial cell migration.

Conclusions:

AQP2 function is intricately regulated by cell signaling, post-translational modifications, and lipid interactions.
Complex regulatory mechanisms allow for precise fine-tuning of AQP2 activity.
This fine-tuning is essential for maintaining body water homeostasis.