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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Lineage Commitment01:21

Lineage Commitment

Commitment is the  process whereby stem cells:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans
07:53

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Published on: January 1, 2018

RNA-based tools for nuclear reprogramming and lineage-conversion: towards clinical applications.

Juan A Bernal1

  • 1Cardiovascular Development and Repair Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain, jabernal@cnic.es.

Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research
|July 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer therapeutic potential but raise safety concerns. DNA-free RNA-based reprogramming, particularly using Sendai virus (SeV) and modified mRNA, shows promise for safer regenerative medicine applications.

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Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans
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06:33

A Versatile Pipeline for Analyzing Dynamic Changes in Nuclear Bodies in a Variety of Cell Types

Published on: June 28, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Regenerative medicine
  • Genetic engineering

Background:

  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold significant therapeutic promise.
  • Safety concerns, particularly host genome alteration, hinder iPSC applications.
  • Current methods include DNA-based (integrative/non-integrative) and DNA-free approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in DNA-free iPSC reprogramming technologies.
  • To highlight the potential of RNA-based methods for safer iPSC generation.
  • To discuss future applications in cell-based therapies and lineage conversion.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on DNA-free reprogramming technologies.
  • Discussion of Sendai virus (SeV)-based methods.
  • Exploration of synthetic modified messenger RNA (mRNA) approaches.

Main Results:

  • RNA-based methods offer a promising balance of efficiency and safety.
  • Recent advances focus on non-integrative, DNA-free reprogramming.
  • Sendai virus and modified mRNA are key technologies in this field.

Conclusions:

  • DNA-free RNA-based reprogramming is crucial for advancing iPSC-based regenerative medicine.
  • These technologies enhance safety by avoiding host genome alteration.
  • Future applications include cell therapies and cellular lineage conversion.