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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
Seizures l: Introduction01:20

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...
Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus
08:28

Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus

Published on: April 5, 2011

Autoimmune status epilepticus.

Carla Lopinto-Khoury1, Michael R Sperling

  • 1Department of Neurology, Drexel College of Medicine, New College Building, 7th Floor, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA, Carla.lopinto@gmail.com.

Current Treatment Options in Neurology
|July 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune status epilepticus, though rare, is increasingly recognized. Early diagnosis is challenging, but suspicion arises with cognitive changes, malignancy history, or other neurological signs, guiding potential immunomodulatory therapy.

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Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Autoimmune status epilepticus (ASE) is an emerging neurological condition.
  • Increasing recognition among neurologists and intensive care unit (ICU) clinicians.
  • Advances in antibody testing facilitate diagnosis, yet early identification remains difficult.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnostic challenges and therapeutic strategies for autoimmune status epilepticus.
  • To highlight key indicators for suspecting ASE.
  • To discuss evidence-based treatment approaches for ASE.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of autoimmune status epilepticus cases and treatment modalities.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria and clinical suspicion factors.
  • Evaluation of immunomodulatory therapies and surgical interventions.

Main Results:

  • ASE may be suspected in refractory status epilepticus without other identifiable causes.
  • Clinical indicators include recent cognitive/behavioral changes, malignancy history, or other neurological deficits.
  • Treatment involves immunomodulatory therapies (steroids, IVIG, PLEX) and anticonvulsants; surgery may be needed for specific conditions like Rasmussen's encephalopathy.

Conclusions:

  • Early diagnosis of ASE is crucial but challenging.
  • Empiric immunomodulatory therapy is often initiated based on clinical suspicion.
  • Transfer to specialized centers is recommended for complex cases of refractory status epilepticus.