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Patch Clamp

Patch Clamp

Many fundamental cell functions such as muscle contraction and nerve transmission rely on the electrical signals produced by the movement of positively and negatively charged ions across the cell membrane. One competent method to record current flowing across the whole cell or single ion channel is the patch-clamp technique.
In this method, a glass micropipette containing electrolyte solution is tightly sealed against a small portion of the cell membrane. As a result, a patch of the cell...

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is a widely used reference electrode that maintains zero potential across all temperatures. However, its need for a continuous hydrogen gas supply renders it impractical for everyday use.
An alternative to SHE is the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). This electrode features an...

Potentiometry: Overview

Potentiometry: Overview

Potentiometry is an analytical technique that measures the potential difference between two electrodes in an electrochemical cell without drawing any significant current that could alter the solution's composition. This method employs an indicator electrode, which exchanges electrons with the analyte solution, and a reference electrode with a constant potential. Each electrode is immersed in a solution comprised of two half-cells. In a conventional setup, the reference electrode serves as the...

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at the...

Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods

Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods

Controlled-potential coulometry, also known as potentiostatic coulometry, employs a three-electrode system in which the working electrode's potential is precisely regulated using a potentiostat. Platinum working electrodes are utilized for positive potentials, while mercury pool electrodes are favored for extremely negative potentials. The platinum counter electrode is separated from the analyte using a membrane or salt bridge to avoid interference in the analysis.
The chosen potential ensures...

Standard Electrode Potentials

Standard Electrode Potentials

On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

A Computer-assisted Multi-electrode Patch-clamp System

A Computer-assisted Multi-electrode Patch-clamp System

Published on: October 18, 2013

An integrated patch-clamp potentiostat with electrode compensation.

P Weerakoon, E Culurciello, K G Klemic

IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems

|July 16, 2013

Summary

We developed a novel integrated patch-clamp system for high-throughput screening. This system offers precise compensation for electrode resistance and capacitance, advancing electrophysiology research.

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

A Computer-assisted Multi-electrode Patch-clamp System

A Computer-assisted Multi-electrode Patch-clamp System

Published on: October 18, 2013

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings for Electrophysiological Determination of Ion Selectivity in Channelrhodopsins

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings for Electrophysiological Determination of Ion Selectivity in Channelrhodopsins

Published on: May 22, 2017

Recapitulation of an Ion Channel IV Curve Using Frequency Components

Recapitulation of an Ion Channel IV Curve Using Frequency Components

Published on: February 8, 2011

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Electrophysiology
Microfabrication

Background:

Patch-clamp electrophysiology is crucial for studying ion channels.
Existing systems face limitations in throughput and compensation capabilities.
Integration of patch-clamp circuitry on-chip is a key goal for miniaturization and high-throughput applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To present the first fully integrated patch-clamp measurement system.
To incorporate series-access resistance and parasitic capacitive compensation.
To enable high-throughput planar patch-clamp systems.

Main Methods:

Implementation in a 0.5-µm silicon-on-sapphire (SoS) process.
Development of circuitry for recording cell membrane currents up to ±20 nA.
Integration of compensation circuits for electrode capacitance (up to 20 pF) and series resistance (up to 70%).

Main Results:

Achieved an RMS noise of 5 pA at a 10-kHz bandwidth.
Demonstrated compensation for electrode capacitance and series resistance.
The integrated system occupies a die size of 1150 by 700 µm.
Low power consumption of 300 µW at 3.3 V.

Conclusions:

The presented integrated patch-clamp system is the first of its kind with advanced compensation capabilities.
This technology paves the way for fabricating high-throughput planar patch-clamp systems.
The system's performance metrics and miniaturization are suitable for next-generation electrophysiology platforms.