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Related Concept Videos

Instrumentation Amplifier01:25

Instrumentation Amplifier

An electrocardiography (ECG) machine is an essential piece of medical equipment used to monitor the electrical activity of the heart. It operates by detecting small electrical changes on the skin that result from the depolarization of the heart muscle during each heartbeat. However, these signals are in the microvolt range and can be easily overwhelmed by noise or interference.
To overcome this challenge, an ECG machine utilizes an instrumentation amplifier. This specialized amplifier is...
Electrocardiogram01:29

Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T...
Electrocardiogram Fundamentals01:28

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Bidirectional Electrical and Optoelectronic Interfaces in Healthy and Ischemic Ex Vivo Rat Hearts
08:33

Bidirectional Electrical and Optoelectronic Interfaces in Healthy and Ischemic Ex Vivo Rat Hearts

Published on: July 18, 2025

A micropower electrocardiogram amplifier.

L Fay, V Misra, R Sarpeshkar

    IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
    |July 16, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    We developed a low-power electrocardiogram (EKG) preamplifier, consuming only 2.8 microwatts. This innovative design achieves excellent signal quality for wireless health monitoring systems.

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    A Wireless, Bidirectional Interface for In Vivo Recording and Stimulation of Neural Activity in Freely Behaving Rats

    Published on: November 7, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Analog Integrated Circuit Design
    • Wearable Health Technology

    Background:

    • Electrocardiogram (EKG) monitoring is crucial for diagnosing cardiac conditions.
    • Existing EKG systems often face limitations due to high power consumption, hindering wireless and wearable applications.
    • There is a need for ultra-low-power preamplifiers to enable continuous, unobtrusive cardiac monitoring.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To design and characterize a novel micropower electrocardiogram (EKG) preamplifier.
    • To achieve a significant reduction in power consumption while maintaining high signal fidelity.
    • To enable the development of self-powered wireless EKG monitoring systems.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized subthreshold transistor operation for enhanced noise efficiency.
    • Employed gain-setting capacitors instead of resistors to minimize power draw.
    • Implemented half-rail operation and optimized power allocation across amplifier blocks.
    • Carefully sized devices to improve matching and reduce noise.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved an ultra-low power consumption of 2.8 microwatts (μW).
    • Demonstrated low input-referred noise of 8.1 microvolts root-mean-square (μVrms).
    • Obtained a high common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of 90 dB.
    • Showcased significant power reduction compared to prior art with minimal signal quality compromise.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed micropower EKG preamplifier offers a compelling solution for low-power biomedical applications.
    • Its performance characteristics make it suitable for integration into wireless EKG monitoring systems.
    • Potential for integration with energy harvesting sources (RF, vibration, thermal) for self-powered operation.