Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

50.7K
The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
50.7K
G-protein Coupled Receptors01:21

G-protein Coupled Receptors

131.7K
G-protein coupled receptors are ligand binding receptors that indirectly affect changes in the cell. The actual receptor is a single polypeptide that transverses the cell membrane seven times creating intracellular and extracellular loops. The extracellular loops create a ligand specific pocket which binds to neurotransmitters or hormones. The intracellular loops holds onto the G-protein.
131.7K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

1.6K
Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.6K
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

1.5K
Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
1.5K
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

1.4K
Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
1.4K
Couple01:29

Couple

908
A couple is a pair of parallel forces equal in magnitude but in opposite directions. The forces are separated by a perpendicular distance, known as the couple's arm. The couple causes a rotation force or moment that rotates the body about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the forces. The resulting moment is referred to as the couple moment. The SI unit of a couple moment is the Newton-meter (N-m).
A typical example to understand this concept is tightening a bolt with a lug wrench. A...
908

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Discovery of SMD-3040 as a Potent and Selective SMARCA2 PROTAC Degrader with Strong <i>in vivo</i> Antitumor Activity.

Journal of medicinal chemistry·2023
Same author

Bone-inspired (GNEC/HAPAAm) hydrogel with fatigue-resistance for use in underwater robots and highly piezoresistive sensors.

Microsystems & nanoengineering·2023
Same author

Promising Natural Medicines for the Treatment of High-Altitude Illness.

High altitude medicine & biology·2023
Same author

3D Porous Cu-Composites for Stable Li-Metal Battery Anodes.

ACS nano·2023
Same author

The mediating role of exhaled breath condensate metabolites in the effect of particulate matter on pulmonary function in schoolchildren: A crossover intervention study.

The Science of the total environment·2023
Same author

Ultra-Long Cycle of Prussian Blue Analogs Achieved by Equilibrium Electrolyte for Aqueous Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2023
Same journal

Multiplexed Crossbar GFET Array With BioADC for Multi-Modal Aptamer-Based Sensing.

IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems·2026
Same journal

A VPG-Based Adaptive Windowing PPG Sensor IC for Low-Power Wearable Monitoring.

IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems·2026
Same journal

A Chopper Amplifier with Feedforward SAR ADC Assisted DC Servo Loop Achieving ±1V DC Offset Cancellation in 2.1s for Neural Signal Recordings.

IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems·2026
Same journal

ANP-R: A 22nm 0.88pJ/SOP Asynchronous SNN-based Processor with Coarse-Grained Reconfigurable Architecture Enabling Multisensory On-chip Incremental Learning for Edge AI.

IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems·2026
Same journal

A High-Efficiency Neural Processing SoC for Adaptive Closed-Loop Neuromodulation.

IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems·2026
Same journal

DustNet: A Wireless Network of Ultrasonic Neural Implants.

IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

Extracting the Cochlea from a Human Temporal Bone: A Cadaveric Protocol
06:42

Extracting the Cochlea from a Human Temporal Bone: A Cadaveric Protocol

Published on: August 18, 2023

1.9K

A silicon cochlea with active coupling.

Bo Wen, K Boahen

    IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
    |July 16, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces a novel silicon cochlea chip that mimics the human ear's active signal processing. Its unique design enhances frequency tuning and automatic gain control, improving hearing simulation.

    More Related Videos

    Silicon Nanowires and Optical Stimulation for Investigations of Intra- and Intercellular Electrical Coupling
    08:58

    Silicon Nanowires and Optical Stimulation for Investigations of Intra- and Intercellular Electrical Coupling

    Published on: January 28, 2021

    4.9K
    Whole Mount Dissection and Immunofluorescence of the Adult Mouse Cochlea
    12:02

    Whole Mount Dissection and Immunofluorescence of the Adult Mouse Cochlea

    Published on: January 1, 2016

    57.9K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jan 21, 2026

    Extracting the Cochlea from a Human Temporal Bone: A Cadaveric Protocol
    06:42

    Extracting the Cochlea from a Human Temporal Bone: A Cadaveric Protocol

    Published on: August 18, 2023

    1.9K
    Silicon Nanowires and Optical Stimulation for Investigations of Intra- and Intercellular Electrical Coupling
    08:58

    Silicon Nanowires and Optical Stimulation for Investigations of Intra- and Intercellular Electrical Coupling

    Published on: January 28, 2021

    4.9K
    Whole Mount Dissection and Immunofluorescence of the Adult Mouse Cochlea
    12:02

    Whole Mount Dissection and Immunofluorescence of the Adult Mouse Cochlea

    Published on: January 1, 2016

    57.9K

    Area of Science:

    • Bio-inspired engineering
    • Mixed-signal integrated circuit design
    • Auditory neuroscience

    Background:

    • The human cochlea performs complex nonlinear active signal processing essential for hearing.
    • Existing silicon cochlea models struggle to replicate the cochlea's micromechanics and active amplification effectively.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a novel mixed-signal very-large-scale-integrated (VLSI) chip emulating nonlinear active cochlear signal processing.
    • To model the cochlea's micromechanics, including outer hair cell (OHC) electromotility, using an active-coupling architecture.

    Main Methods:

    • Designed a silicon (Si) cochlea chip featuring active coupling between neighboring basilar membrane (BM) segments.
    • Implemented BM segments as class AB log-domain second-order sections exchanging currents representing OHC forces.
    • Utilized a five-metal 1-poly 0.25-μm CMOS process, achieving 360 frequency channels and 2160 pulse-stream outputs within 10.9 mm².

    Main Results:

    • The active-coupling architecture demonstrated superior performance compared to existing cascade and parallel filter-bank designs.
    • Chip responses mimicked a living cochlea, showing increased frequency response magnitude and sharpness (e.g., gain +18 dB, Q10 from 0.45 to 1.14) with active coupling.
    • Demonstrated frequency-selective automatic gain control, where enhancement decreased with increasing input intensity.

    Conclusions:

    • The novel active-coupling architecture represents a significant advancement in silicon cochlea design.
    • The chip successfully emulates key aspects of cochlear active processing, including frequency tuning and automatic gain control.
    • Further optimization is needed to mitigate variations for enhanced performance.