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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation (BreEStim) for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity

Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation (BreEStim) for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity

Published on: January 10, 2013

A dual-mode highly efficient class-E stimulator controlled by a low-Q class-E power amplifier through duty cycle.

Hung-Wei Chiu¹, Chien-Chi Lu, Jia-min Chuang

¹Department of Electronic Engineering and Graduate Institute of Computer and Communication Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan. hwchiu@ntut.edu.tw

IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems

|July 16, 2013

Summary

This study introduces high-efficiency class-E amplifiers for implantable electrical stimulation systems, using sine-wave pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) for superior pain relief. The novel design achieves high efficiency in both low and high voltage modes.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation (BreEStim) for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity

Breathing-controlled Electrical Stimulation (BreEStim) for Management of Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity

Published on: January 10, 2013

Area of Science:

Electrical Engineering
Biomedical Engineering
Power Electronics

Background:

Implantable electrical stimulation systems require efficient power amplifiers.
Sine-wave pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) stimulation shows superior efficacy for pain relief compared to square waves.
Existing class-E amplifiers face challenges in achieving high efficiency across different voltage modes.

Purpose of the Study:

To design and present two high-efficiency class-E amplifiers for implantable electrical stimulation.
To enable sine-wave PRF stimulation for enhanced pain relief.
To achieve high DC-AC conversion efficiency in both low-voltage and high-voltage modes.

Main Methods:

Developed a duty-cycle-controlled class-E PRF driver with a high-Q factor.
Implemented two operational modes (LV and HV) using a single switched series inductor and an unchanged parallel capacitor.
Utilized a duty-cycle detector and a complementary low-Q class-E power amplifier (PA) for inductive control.
Presented a design methodology for a low-Q inductive interface for non-50% duty cycles.

Main Results:

Achieved 91% efficiency at 0.98 V output in LV mode (22% duty cycle).
Achieved 92% efficiency at 2.95 V output in HV mode (47% duty cycle).
A 1.5-V PA delivered 2.9-V sine wave to a 500 Ω load with 14.21 mW DC power consumption.
Obtained optimal 60% drain efficiency at a 10-mm coupling distance.

Conclusions:

The proposed duty-cycle-controlled class-E PRF driver effectively delivers high-efficiency sine-wave stimulation for implantable systems.
The dual-mode operation and inductive control mechanism enable versatile and efficient power delivery.
The design methodology facilitates the development of efficient inductive interfaces for non-conventional duty cycles in biomedical applications.