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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...
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Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
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Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

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Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...

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Related Experiment Video

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A Mouse Ear Model for Allergic Contact Dermatitis Evaluation
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Published on: March 24, 2023

Patch testing for noncontact dermatitis: the atopy patch test for food and inhalants.

Andreas Wollenberg1, Sandra Vogel

  • 1Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Frauenlobstr. 9-11, 80337, Munich, Germany, wollenberg@lrz.uni-muenchen.de.

Current Allergy and Asthma Reports
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Summary

The atopy patch test (APT) assesses delayed hypersensitivity to protein allergens in atopic dermatitis patients. This standardized method may identify type IV sensitization missed by other tests.

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Published on: October 3, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Allergy and Immunology
  • Dermatology
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • Atopic dermatitis (AD) is often linked to IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity.
  • Current diagnostic tests may not accurately assess type IV hypersensitivity to protein allergens in AD.
  • The atopy patch test (APT) offers a method to evaluate delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to protein allergens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the standardized atopy patch test (APT) technique developed by the European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis (ETFAD).
  • To highlight the clinical utility of APT in diagnosing atopic dermatitis, particularly for identifying type IV sensitization.
  • To discuss the correlation between APT results and other immunological markers.

Main Methods:

  • Standardized APT involves applying intact protein allergens in petrolatum using Finn chambers onScanpor tape for 48 hours.
  • Tests are performed on non-irritated, non-abraded, or tape-stripped skin on the upper back.
  • Evaluation uses the ETFAD reading key, assessing erythema, papules, and their distribution at 48 and 72 hours.

Main Results:

  • Positive APT reactions correlate with positive lymphocyte transformation tests and allergen-specific Th2 cells.
  • The APT can detect type IV sensitization in patients with negative type I test results.
  • Standardization of the APT procedure is crucial for sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility.

Conclusions:

  • The standardized APT is a valuable tool for assessing delayed hypersensitivity to protein allergens in atopic dermatitis.
  • APT may identify patients with type IV sensitization overlooked by conventional allergy tests.
  • Limited availability and cost of test substances hinder routine APT implementation.