Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Sex Linked Disorders01:43

Sex Linked Disorders

Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
Sex-linked Disorders01:43

Sex-linked Disorders

Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
Disorders of the Male Reproductive System01:20

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra. Symptoms...
Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Challenges and future directions for multiple sclerosis after the 2024 McDonald diagnostic criteria.

Nature medicine·2026
Same author

Assessing Progression Independent of Relapse Activity in Multiple Sclerosis Using a Patient-Reported Disability Measure and Self-Administered Neuroperformance Outcomes.

Annals of neurology·2026
Same author

Long-term social cognitive impairment after ischemic stroke: Frequency and association with lesion volume and location in an exploratory pilot study.

Journal of the neurological sciences·2026
Same author

Chronological ageing and ovarian reserve in MS: insights from anti-Müllerian hormone and disability progression.

Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry·2026
Same author

Redefining Multiple Sclerosis: Toward a Biologically Driven Diagnosis.

Neurology·2026
Same author

Spider-MS: an individualized polyhedral prediction of multiple sclerosis prognosis.

Brain : a journal of neurology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Modeling Multiple Sclerosis in the Two Sexes: MOG35-55-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
05:44

Modeling Multiple Sclerosis in the Two Sexes: MOG35-55-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: October 13, 2023

Sex and gender issues in multiple sclerosis.

Hanne F Harbo1, Ralf Gold, Mar Tintoré

  • 1Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål and University of Oslo, 0407 Oslo, Norway.

Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders
|July 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects women more often than men. This review examines genetic, immunological, and clinical factors, including hormones and pregnancy, that contribute to these sex-based differences in MS.

Keywords:
Multiple sclerosisfemalegenesimmunologypregnancysex

More Related Videos

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
11:35

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Published on: June 30, 2014

Adapted Resistance Training Improves Strength in Eight Weeks in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
08:48

Adapted Resistance Training Improves Strength in Eight Weeks in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: January 29, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Modeling Multiple Sclerosis in the Two Sexes: MOG35-55-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
05:44

Modeling Multiple Sclerosis in the Two Sexes: MOG35-55-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: October 13, 2023

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
11:35

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Published on: June 30, 2014

Adapted Resistance Training Improves Strength in Eight Weeks in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
08:48

Adapted Resistance Training Improves Strength in Eight Weeks in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: January 29, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Sex differences in disease

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) exhibits a higher prevalence in women compared to men.
  • This disparity prompts investigation into sex-specific factors like gonadal hormones, genetics, and environmental influences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of sex and gender on multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • To explore genetic, immunological, and clinical aspects of sex differences in MS.
  • To discuss MS clinical presentation, therapy response, and pregnancy considerations in relation to sex.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing existing research on sex and gender in MS.
  • Analysis of genetic, immunological, and clinical data.
  • Examination of hormonal, environmental, and lifestyle factors.

Main Results:

  • Significant sex-based differences exist in MS prevalence and potentially in disease mechanisms.
  • Gonadal hormones, genetic variations, and environmental exposures are implicated in these differences.
  • Sex influences MS clinical expression, treatment efficacy, and outcomes during pregnancy.

Conclusions:

  • Sex and gender are critical determinants in the understanding and management of multiple sclerosis.
  • Further research into sex-specific pathways is essential for personalized MS therapies.
  • Addressing sex-related factors, including those during pregnancy, is vital for comprehensive MS care.