Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction02:23

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat (25–100°C) and...
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent01:14

Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent

Lithium dialkyl cuprate, also known as Gilman reagents, selectively reduces acid halides to ketones. The acid chloride is treated with Gilman reagent at −78 °C in the presence of ether solution to produce a ketone in good yield.
As shown below, the mechanism proceeds in two steps. First, one of the alkyl groups of the reagent acts as a nucleophile and attacks the acyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen double...
Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents01:26

Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...
Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules01:19

Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules

Energy production within a cell involves many coordinated chemical pathways. Most of these pathways are combinations of oxidation and reduction reactions, which occur at the same time. An oxidation reaction strips an electron from an atom in a compound, and the addition of this electron to another compound is a reduction reaction. Because oxidation and reduction usually occur together, these pairs of reactions are called redox reactions.
The removal of an electron from a molecule, results in a...
Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones: Introduction01:23

Protecting Groups for Aldehydes and Ketones: Introduction

Protecting groups are compounds that can bind to a specific functional group in the presence of other functional groups to protect them from undesired chemical reactions. These compounds can selectively bind to particular functional groups and advance chemoselective reactions in polyfunctional systems (Figure 1). After the functional group has served its purpose, it is removed by reacting it with specific compounds.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

UV photochemistry of the energy-storing isomer of a norbornadiene-based molecular switch: ring opening, rehybridised intramolecular charge transfer, and isomerisation into a carbene photoproduct.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2026
Same author

Chitin/Graphene Oxide Composite Materials for Heavy-Metal-Ion Adsorption.

ACS omega·2026
Same author

The Cellular Response Capacity as Diagnostic Head Start in Neutrophil Endotoxemia Sensing.

FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology·2026
Same author

Laser-Induced Chemical Patterning of Graphene-Black Phosphorus Hybrids.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

Electrochemical Modulation of Laser-Induced Covalent Functionalization of Graphene.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026
Same author

The cellular response capacity (CRC) as a novel immunomonitoring approach in sepsis.

Military Medical Research·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Visible-light Induced Reduction of Graphene Oxide Using Plasmonic Nanoparticle
07:24

Visible-light Induced Reduction of Graphene Oxide Using Plasmonic Nanoparticle

Published on: September 22, 2015

Graphene oxide: efficiency of reducing agents.

Siegfried Eigler1, Stefan Grimm, Michael Enzelberger-Heim

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Dr.-Mack Str. 81, 90762 Fürth, Germany. siegfried.eigler@zmp.uni-erlangen.de

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|July 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scanning Raman spectroscopy effectively assessed reducing agents for graphene oxide (GO) reduction. The study confirmed the graphene-like nature of reduced GO (rGO) flakes and analyzed their surface quality.

More Related Videos

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions
08:57

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions

Published on: July 3, 2025

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
10:57

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Visible-light Induced Reduction of Graphene Oxide Using Plasmonic Nanoparticle
07:24

Visible-light Induced Reduction of Graphene Oxide Using Plasmonic Nanoparticle

Published on: September 22, 2015

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions
08:57

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions

Published on: July 3, 2025

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
10:57

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Graphene oxide (GO) is a precursor to graphene, a material with unique electronic properties.
  • Effective reduction of GO to graphene is crucial for its applications.
  • The efficiency of various reducing agents and the quality of the resulting reduced graphene oxide (rGO) require thorough investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of different reducing agents in the reduction of graphene oxide (GO).
  • To characterize the structural and surface properties of the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) material.
  • To demonstrate the utility of scanning Raman spectroscopy as a tool for probing GO reduction.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of graphene oxide (GO) films.
  • Treatment of GO films with various reducing agents.
  • Characterization of the reduced GO (rGO) films using scanning Raman spectroscopy.
  • Analysis of Raman spectra to confirm graphene-like structure and assess surface quality.

Main Results:

  • Scanning Raman spectroscopy successfully differentiated the effects of various reducing agents on GO.
  • The reduced GO (rGO) films exhibited spectral characteristics indicative of a graphene-like structure.
  • The surface quality of rGO was assessed, providing insights into the reduction process.

Conclusions:

  • Scanning Raman spectroscopy is a powerful technique for evaluating the efficiency of reducing agents for GO.
  • The study confirms the transformation of GO into graphene-like materials upon reduction.
  • Understanding the surface quality of rGO is essential for optimizing its properties for future applications.