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Related Concept Videos

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
The calcium concentration in blood plasma is primarily regulated...
Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...
Introduction to Electrolytes01:33

Introduction to Electrolytes

In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
Role of Sodium
One...
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...

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Colorimetric Analysis of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in S. aureus Biofilm
04:59

Colorimetric Analysis of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in S. aureus Biofilm

Published on: April 12, 2019

Multisystemic functions of alkaline phosphatases.

René Buchet1, José Luis Millán, David Magne

  • 1Equipe Organisation et Dynamique des Membranes Biologiques, UMR-CNRS 5246, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|July 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Alkaline phosphatases (AP) have diverse roles, with tissue-nonspecific AP (TNAP) deficiency causing hypophosphatasia (HPP). Intestinal AP (IAP) impacts gut health and fatty acid absorption, with potential therapeutic applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Alkaline phosphatases (AP) are a multigene family with crucial tissue-specific functions.
  • Gene knockout studies reveal individual isozyme roles in bone, teeth, CNS, and gut.
  • Dysregulation of AP isozymes contributes to various pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the established roles of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) and intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP).
  • To discuss new research areas concerning the multisystemic functions of these isozymes.
  • To highlight therapeutic strategies for AP-related disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Review of gene knockout (KO) findings in mice and human disease data.
  • Analysis of enzyme replacement therapy and therapeutic inhibitor development.
  • Examination of IAP's role in fatty acid absorption and gut microbiota modulation.

Main Results:

  • TNAP deficiency causes hypophosphatasia (HPP), affecting skeleton, teeth, and CNS.
  • TNAP induction in vasculature contributes to medial vascular calcification.
  • IAP deficiency in mice leads to obesity and gut dysbiosis, responsive to recombinant IAP therapy.
  • IAP modulates fatty acid transport and dephosphorylates lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Conclusions:

  • TNAP and IAP are critical for metabolic homeostasis and gut health.
  • Therapeutic targeting of TNAP and IAP shows promise for HPP and gut disorders.
  • Emerging evidence suggests AP involvement in neurodegeneration and other systemic diseases.