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The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills
10:32

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

Published on: April 23, 2014

Validation of the COURAGE Built Environment Self-Reported Questionnaire.

Alberto Raggi1, Rui Quintas, Paola Bucciarelli

  • 1Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, Neurological Institute Carlo Besta IRCCS Foundation, Milan, Italy.

Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy
|July 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary

The COURAGE Built Environment Self-Reported Questionnaire (CBE-SR) effectively measures how the built environment affects health and participation. This validated tool helps understand person-environment interactions for better health and accessibility interventions.

Keywords:
AgedBuilt EnvironmentFactor AnalysisOutcome AssessmentValidation

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills
10:32

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

Published on: April 23, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Environmental psychology
  • Public health
  • Rehabilitation science

Background:

  • The built environment significantly influences health outcomes and participation levels.
  • Existing instruments for measuring person-environment interactions are limited.
  • Understanding this relationship is crucial for targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate the COURAGE Built Environment Self-Reported Questionnaire (CBE-SR).
  • To assess the psychometric properties and factor structure of the CBE-SR.
  • To evaluate the CBE-SR's utility in measuring person-environment interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Validation of the CBE-SR using data from 10,800 participants in Poland, Finland, and Spain.
  • Analysis of psychometric properties, including Cronbach's alpha and test-retest stability.
  • Factor analysis to determine the instrument's subscales.

Main Results:

  • The final CBE-SR comprises 19 items across four subscales: Usability of neighbourhood, Hindrance of walkable environment, Easiness of public buildings, and Risk of accidents/living place usability.
  • Good psychometric properties were demonstrated, with Cronbach's alpha ranging from 0.743 to 0.906.
  • The instrument showed sensitivity across age groups, with younger respondents perceiving neighborhoods as more usable but walkways as more hindering.

Conclusions:

  • The CBE-SR is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing person-environment interactions.
  • It provides valuable insights into how the built environment impacts participation and health.
  • The findings support the need for environmental modifications to enhance individual functioning and participation.