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Related Concept Videos

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
All three eukaryotic RNAPs require specific transcription factors, of which the...
Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
All three eukaryotic RNAPs require specific transcription factors, of which the...
Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...
RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

A Fluorescence-based Exonuclease Assay to Characterize DmWRNexo, Orthologue of Human Progeroid WRN Exonuclease, and Its Application to Other Nucleases
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A Fluorescence-based Exonuclease Assay to Characterize DmWRNexo, Orthologue of Human Progeroid WRN Exonuclease, and Its Application to Other Nucleases

Published on: December 23, 2013

The multifunctional RNase XRN2.

Takashi S Miki1, Helge Großhans

  • 1Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland. takashi.miki@fmi.ch

Biochemical Society Transactions
|July 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

XRN2, a nuclear exoribonuclease, processes and degrades various RNAs, including precursor mRNA, ribosomal RNA, and small nucleolar RNA. This review covers XRN2

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Studying RNA Interactors of Protein Kinase RNA-Activated during the Mammalian Cell Cycle
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Studying RNA Interactors of Protein Kinase RNA-Activated during the Mammalian Cell Cycle

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Last Updated: May 9, 2026

A Fluorescence-based Exonuclease Assay to Characterize DmWRNexo, Orthologue of Human Progeroid WRN Exonuclease, and Its Application to Other Nucleases
06:10

A Fluorescence-based Exonuclease Assay to Characterize DmWRNexo, Orthologue of Human Progeroid WRN Exonuclease, and Its Application to Other Nucleases

Published on: December 23, 2013

Studying RNA Interactors of Protein Kinase RNA-Activated during the Mammalian Cell Cycle
10:05

Studying RNA Interactors of Protein Kinase RNA-Activated during the Mammalian Cell Cycle

Published on: March 5, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • RNA molecules are crucial for diverse cellular functions, requiring precise regulation of their synthesis and degradation by RNases.
  • XRN2 is a highly conserved eukaryotic 5'→3' exoribonuclease primarily located in the nucleus.
  • XRN2 specifically targets single-stranded RNAs with a 5'-terminal monophosphate for processive degradation into mononucleotides.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of the exoribonuclease XRN2 and its associated cofactors.
  • To elucidate XRN2's involvement in the maturation, surveillance, and activity regulation of key RNA classes.
  • To highlight XRN2's significance in cellular RNA metabolism.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on XRN2 function.
  • Analysis of experimental data concerning RNA processing and degradation pathways.
  • Comparative genomics to assess evolutionary conservation of XRN2.

Main Results:

  • XRN2 plays a critical role in the biogenesis and turnover of precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA).
  • XRN2's nuclear localization and substrate specificity enable its function in RNA quality control and processing.
  • Cofactors associated with XRN2 modulate its activity and substrate recognition, fine-tuning RNA metabolism.

Conclusions:

  • XRN2 is a key enzyme in eukaryotic RNA biology, essential for the proper processing and degradation of various RNA species.
  • Understanding XRN2's functions provides insights into cellular RNA homeostasis and disease mechanisms.
  • Further research into XRN2 and its cofactors can reveal novel therapeutic targets for RNA-related disorders.