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Related Concept Videos

Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift01:07

Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift

Organic molecules primarily contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. While all the hydrogen isotopes are NMR-active, protium or hydrogen-1 is the most abundant. It has a significant energy separation between its nuclear spin states due to its large gyromagnetic ratio. As per Boltzmann's distribution, an increase in the energy separation implies a greater excess population of nuclei available for excitation, resulting in a strong NMR absorption signal.
Absorption signals of all the protium nuclei in a...
¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

In Vivo EPR Assessment of pH, pO2, Redox Status, and Concentrations of Phosphate and Glutathione in the Tumor Microenvironment
10:46

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In vivo proton range verification: a review.

Antje-Christin Knopf1, Antony Lomax

  • 1Center for Proton Therapy, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland. antje-christin.knopf@psi.ch

Physics in Medicine and Biology
|July 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Proton therapy offers precise radiation delivery but faces range uncertainties. This review explores current in vivo proton range verification methods to enhance treatment accuracy and patient safety.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Radiotherapy Technology

Background:

  • Proton therapy provides superior dose distribution due to its finite range.
  • Steep dose gradients at the distal end of proton beams are difficult to utilize clinically.
  • Uncertainties in proton range stem from CT calibration, imaging artifacts, and anatomical changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and compare state-of-the-art in vivo proton range verification methods.
  • To address the need for improved precision in proton therapy delivery.
  • To facilitate the clinical implementation of accurate proton range monitoring.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on in vivo proton range verification techniques.
  • Comparison of proposed, developed, and clinically implemented methods.

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  • Analysis of the strengths and limitations of each verification approach.

    • Main Results:

    • Various in vivo proton range verification methods are under development and clinical evaluation.
    • These methods aim to mitigate uncertainties associated with proton beam delivery.
    • Accurate range verification is crucial for exploiting the full potential of proton therapy.

    Conclusions:

    • In vivo proton range verification is essential for enhancing the precision of proton therapy.
    • Ongoing research and development are critical for advancing these verification techniques.
    • Successful implementation of these methods will improve normal tissue sparing and treatment efficacy.