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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction01:24

Generalization, Discrimination, and Extinction

Generalization, discrimination, and extinction are key concepts in operant conditioning that influence how behaviors are learned and maintained.
Generalization occurs when a behavior reinforced in one context is performed in similar situations. For instance, a student who studies diligently for calculus and receives excellent grades might apply the same study habits to psychology and history, expecting similar results. Generalization shows how learning in one setting can influence behavior in...
Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift01:09

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
Conservation of Declining Populations02:07

Conservation of Declining Populations

Conservation of declining population focuses on ways of detecting, diagnosing, and halting a population decline. The approach uses methods to prevent populations from going extinct.
Predator-Prey Interactions02:39

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.
Genetic Drift03:33

Genetic Drift

Natural selection—probably the most well-known evolutionary mechanism—increases the prevalence of traits that enhance survival and reproduction. However, evolution does not merely propagate favorable traits, nor does it always benefit populations.

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Related Experiment Video

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Bioassays for Monitoring Insecticide Resistance
06:30

Bioassays for Monitoring Insecticide Resistance

Published on: December 30, 2010

Nonrandom extinction patterns can modulate pest control service decline.

Daniel S Karp1, Holly V Moeller, Luke O Frishkoff

  • 1Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA. dkarp@stanford.edu

Ecological Applications : a Publication of the Ecological Society of America
|July 20, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biodiversity loss impacts ecosystem services. Non-random loss of predators, especially generalists, significantly reduces pest control, unlike random species loss.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Conservation Biology
  • Agricultural Science

Background:

  • Biodiversity changes influence ecosystem services, with species loss often reducing regulating services like pest control.
  • However, the relationship between species richness and service provision is complex due to non-random species loss driven by anthropogenic disturbances.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model predator-prey communities to understand how non-random species loss affects pest control provision.
  • To identify specific predator traits and loss scenarios that make pest control most vulnerable to biodiversity decline.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a model simulating predator-pest interactions within a community.
  • Analyzed scenarios of non-random species extinction, focusing on the loss order and traits of predators.
  • Compared pest control provision under non-random loss versus random species loss.

Main Results:

  • Pest populations surged when functionally unique and dietary-generalist predators were lost first, leading to up to 20% less pest control.
  • Non-random loss scenarios resulted in increased pest abundance by freeing more pest species from predation.
  • In trait-diverse communities, the loss of effective predators could not be compensated by remaining species, causing steeper service declines.

Conclusions:

  • Diet breadth is a critical trait influencing both species' response to disturbance and their role in ecosystem service provision.
  • Non-random species loss, particularly of generalist predators, has a disproportionately negative impact on pest control.
  • The study provides a framework for predicting how biodiversity loss affects ecosystem services in real-world, trait-diverse communities.