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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract01:28

Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...
Disorders of the Urinary System01:20

Disorders of the Urinary System

The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common urinary system disorders. They are caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and can spread to the bladder resulting in cystitis. Pyelonephritis is the result of a UTI that has ascended to the level of the...
Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.
Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Real-Time Void Spot Assay
06:39

Real-Time Void Spot Assay

Published on: February 10, 2023

Oestrogens and overactive bladder.

Dudley Robinson1, Linda Cardozo, Ian Milsom

  • 1Department of Urogynaecology, Kings College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.

Neurourology and Urodynamics
|July 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Estrogen therapy

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Gynecology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Estrogens influence lower urinary tract function.
  • Estrogen replacement therapy's role in urinary dysfunction is debated.
  • Recent studies challenge previous findings on hormone replacement therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Review evidence for estrogen therapy in Overactive Bladder (OAB) management.
  • Analyze systemic and local estrogen therapy efficacy.
  • Investigate combination therapy with antimuscarinic agents.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on estrogen therapy and OAB.
  • Analysis of systemic and local estrogen administration.
  • Evaluation of combination treatment outcomes.
Keywords:
hormone replacement therapyoestrogenoveractive bladder

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Expression of Transgenes in Native Bladder Urothelium Using Adenovirus-Mediated Transduction
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Expression of Transgenes in Native Bladder Urothelium Using Adenovirus-Mediated Transduction

Published on: October 6, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Real-Time Void Spot Assay
06:39

Real-Time Void Spot Assay

Published on: February 10, 2023

Expression of Transgenes in Native Bladder Urothelium Using Adenovirus-Mediated Transduction
06:01

Expression of Transgenes in Native Bladder Urothelium Using Adenovirus-Mediated Transduction

Published on: October 6, 2022

Main Results:

  • Evidence for estrogen therapy in OAB is conflicting.
  • Systemic hormone replacement therapy concerns impact clinical practice.
  • Local estrogen therapy may offer benefits for genitourinary symptoms.

Conclusions:

  • The role of estrogen in postmenopausal OAB management remains uncertain.
  • Clinical practice has shifted due to evolving evidence.
  • Further research is needed to clarify optimal estrogen use in OAB.