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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...

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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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Hepatitis D virus in Victoria 2000-2009.

B Shadur1, J MacLachlan, B Cowie

  • 1WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Hepatitis B, Victorian Infectious Disease Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Internal Medicine Journal
|July 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) testing increased in Victoria, Australia, but follow-up care for positive cases remains insufficient. Routine screening for chronic hepatitis B patients is recommended, especially for those born overseas.

Keywords:
Victoriaepidemiologyhepatitis Dtesting protocol

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Hepatitis D virus (HDV) coinfection complicates management of chronic hepatitis B.
  • Epidemiology and clinical practices for HDV in Australia are not well understood.
  • There is a lack of data on HDV disease burden and follow-up care in Australia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the number of reported HDV cases in Victoria, Australia (2000-2009).
  • To explore screening practices for patients at risk of HDV infection during the same period.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized notifiable disease surveillance and public health laboratory records for HDV diagnoses in Victoria (2000-2009).
  • Analyzed notification data for demographics and risk factors.
  • Examined laboratory records for screening and follow-up testing practices.

Main Results:

  • Eighty-seven HDV notifications were recorded between 2000-2009.
  • 2314 Victorian residents were tested, with 110 (4.75%) positive; testing and positive results increased from 2005-2009.
  • Only 40% of positive HDV antibody cases received follow-up testing for replicative infection.

Conclusions:

  • HDV testing has increased, but appropriate follow-up for infected patients is lacking.
  • Being born overseas is an emerging risk factor for HDV.
  • Routine HDV testing is needed for individuals with chronic hepatitis B.