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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Repressible Operon: trp Operon01:21

Repressible Operon: trp Operon

The trp operon in Escherichia coli exemplifies a repressible operon. It regulates the synthesis of tryptophan through repressor-mediated transcriptional control and attenuation. This dual regulatory mechanism ensures tryptophan biosynthesis occurs only when needed, conserving cellular resources.Structure of the trp OperonThe trp operon consists of five structural genes (trpE, trpD, trpC, trpB, and trpA) that encode enzymes for tryptophan biosynthesis. These genes are transcribed as a single...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor
10:16

Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor

Published on: July 13, 2015

An epigenetic trap stabilizes singular olfactory receptor expression.

David B Lyons1, William E Allen, Tracie Goh

  • 1Tetrad Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.

Cell
|July 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Histone demethylase LSD1 and adenylyl cyclase 3 (Adcy3) control olfactory receptor (OR) expression. Adcy3 downregulates LSD1, stabilizing single OR expression in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs).

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Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase
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Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor
10:16

Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor

Published on: July 13, 2015

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes
06:32

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes

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Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase
09:53

Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase

Published on: April 23, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • The molecular mechanisms governing olfactory receptor (OR) gene expression in mammals remain largely unknown.
  • Understanding how olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) achieve singular OR expression is crucial for olfactory system function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms regulating the initiation and stabilization of olfactory receptor (OR) expression.
  • To identify key signaling pathways involved in the epigenetic regulation of OR choice in OSNs.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the roles of histone demethylase LSD1 and adenylyl cyclase 3 (Adcy3) in OR expression.
  • Analyzed the transient expression patterns and functional interactions of LSD1 and Adcy3 in OSNs.
  • Examined the signaling cascade involving LSD1, Adcy3, and OSN differentiation.

Main Results:

  • Transient expression of LSD1 is required for initiating OR transcription, while its downregulation is essential for stable OR expression.
  • OR-dependent expression of Adcy3 acts as a sensor and feedback transmitter, mediating LSD1 downregulation.
  • Adcy3 promotes OSN differentiation and locks the epigenetic state of the chosen OR, ensuring singular expression.

Conclusions:

  • A novel three-node signaling cascade involving LSD1 and Adcy3 regulates OR expression.
  • This cascade stabilizes singular OR expression by epigenetically locking the chosen allele and preventing further OR activation.
  • The findings provide critical insights into the epigenetic control of gene expression and neuronal differentiation in the olfactory system.