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Related Concept Videos

Caspases01:24

Caspases

Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside cells.
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR

CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this defense.
CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
Cells of the Innate Immune Response01:28

Cells of the Innate Immune Response

The innate immune response is an immediate and non-specific response against pathogens, acting swiftly to prevent the spread of infections. The primary cells involved in this response are phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes police the peripheral tissues by removing cellular debris and responding to the invasion of foreign substances or pathogens. Many phagocytes attack and remove microorganisms even before lymphocytes detect them. The human body has two general...

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Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death
10:23

Evaluation of Caspase Activation to Assess Innate Immune Cell Death

Published on: January 20, 2023

Revisiting caspase-11 function in host defense.

Tessie M Ng1, Denise M Monack

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, 299 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Cell Host & Microbe
|July 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Proinflammatory caspases are key to innate immunity. Caspase-11, a less-studied protein, is crucial for host defense against pathogens, with emerging research clarifying its roles and activation.

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Area of Science:

  • Innate immunity
  • Molecular mechanisms of inflammation

Background:

  • Proinflammatory caspases are vital for host defense.
  • Caspase-1 is well-studied for pathogen elimination and host alerting.
  • Caspase-11's role in immunity is increasingly recognized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the emerging understanding of caspase-11 functions.
  • To elucidate caspase-11 activation mechanisms.
  • To discuss the implications of caspase-11 in human disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on caspase-11.
  • Analysis of experimental data on caspase-11 activation and function.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on caspase-11's role in host defense.

Main Results:

  • Caspase-11 plays a significant role in host defense against pathogens.
  • New tools are enabling detailed study of caspase-11's mechanisms.
  • Caspase-11 activation pathways are being actively investigated.

Conclusions:

  • Caspase-11 is a critical mediator of innate immunity.
  • Understanding caspase-11 is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies.
  • Further research into caspase-11 will illuminate its impact on human diseases.