Leprosy. An update: definition, pathogenesis, classification, diagnosis, and treatment

Area of Science:

• Infectious Diseases
• Dermatology
• Neurology

Background:

• Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
• It primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves, leading to disability and social stigma.
• Clinical presentation varies based on the patient's immune response.

Purpose of the Study:

• To summarize the key aspects of leprosy, including its cause, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment.
• To highlight the importance of early detection and appropriate management of leprosy.
• To provide an overview of current therapeutic strategies for paucibacillary and multibacillary leprosy.

Main Methods:

• Clinical diagnosis based on cardinal signs: sensory loss in macules, thickened nerves, or positive skin smear/biopsy.
• Classification into paucibacillary or multibacillary disease.
• Treatment with multidrug therapy (MDT) regimens.

Main Results:

• Diagnosis relies on identifying at least one cardinal sign.
• Effective treatment involves a combination of rifampicin, clofazimine, and dapsone.
• Two main MDT regimens are utilized based on disease classification.

Conclusions:

• Leprosy is a curable disease with appropriate multidrug therapy.
• Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent disability and reduce transmission.
• Continued efforts are needed to combat the endemic nature of leprosy globally.