Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Phase II Reactions: Acetylation Reactions01:24

Phase II Reactions: Acetylation Reactions

Acetylation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, introduces an acetyl group to drugs or their metabolites. Acetyltransferase enzymes facilitate this reaction, which resembles α-amino acid conjugation due to the addition of a functional group to the drug molecule.
The substrates for acetylation are typically drugs or their metabolites with an amino, sulfonamide, or hydrazine functional group. Acetylation can occur at several points in the drug molecule, including primary, secondary, and...
Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines01:19

Amines to Amides: Acylation of Amines

Various carboxylic acid derivatives (such as acid chlorides, esters, and anhydrides) can be used for the acylation of amines to yield amides. The reaction requires two equivalents of amines. The first amine molecule functions as a nucleophile and attacks the carbonyl carbon to produce a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the loss of the leaving group and restoration of the C=O bond.
Next, the second equivalent of amine serves as a Brønsted base and deprotonates the quaternary amide...
Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity01:25

Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

Bioactivation is a metabolic process that transforms less reactive substances into highly reactive metabolites, initiating tissue toxicity. This transformation can lead to various toxic effects, including carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Reactive metabolites are classified into two main types: electrophiles and free radicals.Electrophiles are electron-deficient species and are produced primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P-450 during the metabolism of compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, or...
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:22

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Cholinergic agonists or cholinomimetics mimic the action of acetylcholine to stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. They are categorized into direct-acting and indirect-acting agents. The direct-acting cholinergic drugs induce the parasympathetic response by directly binding to the muscarinic or nicotine receptors. In comparison, the indirect-acting cholinergic drugs prevent acetylcholine hydrolysis, indirectly contributing to the extended parasympathetic response.
The direct-acting...
Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis01:07

Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis

Acetoacetic ester synthesis is a method to obtain ketones from alkyl halides and β-keto esters. The reaction occurs in the presence of an alkoxide base that abstracts the acidic proton of the β-keto esters. The step results in an enolate ion which is doubly stabilized. The enolate then reacts with an alkyl halide via the SN2 process to produce an alkylated ester intermediate with a new C–C bond. The hydrolysis of the intermediate, followed by acidification, results in an alkylated β-keto acid.
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:29

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists are agents that interact with the acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the synaptic cleft, preventing the breakdown of acetylcholine into choline and acetate. Consequently, the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft increases. These agonists can be classified into reversible and irreversible inhibitors based on their duration of action.
Reversible inhibitors display short to medium durations of action. Short-acting agents include simple alcohols with...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Redox- and Photo-Responsive Fe<sup>3+/2+</sup>-Cross-Linked Carboxymethyl Cellulose Methacrylate Dissipative Gels: Synthesis and Applications.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2026
Same author

Borate-Bridged Protolipids: A Prebiotic Route to Abiotic Membranes.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Solid Pro-Nano Lipid Oral Formulations for Cannabidiol (CBD).

Pharmaceutics·2026
Same author

Boron's Double Edge-Antibiotics, Toxins, and the Fine Line Between Them.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Life with Boron: Steroid Architecture and the Chemistry of Marine Boronosteroids.

Marine drugs·2026
Same author

Steroidal Compounds at the Crossroads of Inflammation and Cancer: Implications for Drug Discovery and Therapy.

Biomedicines·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase
11:01

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

Published on: November 23, 2016

Bioactive acetylenic metabolites.

Dmitry V Kuklev1, Abraham J Domb, Valery M Dembitsky

  • 1Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology
|July 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This review highlights anticancer and other biological activities of plant and fungal acetylenic compounds. These molecules, containing triple bonds, show significant potential for medicine and the pharmaceutical industry.

Keywords:
Acetylenic metabolitsAcidsAntibacterialAntifungalAntitumorCarotenoidsCyclohexanoidsFatty alcoholsFungiPlantsPolyacetylenesPolyynes

More Related Videos

Enzymatic Synthesis of Epoxidized Metabolites of Docosahexaenoic, Eicosapentaenoic, and Arachidonic Acids
13:05

Enzymatic Synthesis of Epoxidized Metabolites of Docosahexaenoic, Eicosapentaenoic, and Arachidonic Acids

Published on: June 28, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase
11:01

Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

Published on: November 23, 2016

Enzymatic Synthesis of Epoxidized Metabolites of Docosahexaenoic, Eicosapentaenoic, and Arachidonic Acids
13:05

Enzymatic Synthesis of Epoxidized Metabolites of Docosahexaenoic, Eicosapentaenoic, and Arachidonic Acids

Published on: June 28, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Natural Products Chemistry
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Acetylenic compounds are natural products characterized by the presence of triple bonds.
  • Many acetylenic metabolites from plants and fungi exhibit diverse biological activities.
  • These compounds are of significant interest to the pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry fields.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the structures and cytotoxic activities of acetylenic metabolites from natural sources.
  • To highlight the potential applications of these compounds in medicine and drug discovery.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of published studies on acetylenic metabolites.
  • Compilation and analysis of structural information and reported biological activities.
  • Focus on cytotoxic activities against various cancer cell lines.

Main Results:

  • Over 100 acetylenic metabolites, including fatty alcohols, ketones, acids, acetylenic cyclohexanoids, spiroketal enol ethers, and carotenoids, are presented.
  • Many of these compounds demonstrate significant antitumor, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal, and immunosuppressive properties.
  • Detailed structures and cytotoxic data are provided for a wide range of natural acetylenics.

Conclusions:

  • Acetylenic metabolites from plants and fungi represent a rich source of bioactive compounds.
  • These natural products hold considerable promise for the development of new therapeutic agents.
  • Further research into their mechanisms of action and clinical applications is warranted.