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Related Concept Videos

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists01:28

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy.  SP binds and activates these...
Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment01:26

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
Irreversible agents form a strong bond with the cholinesterase enzyme, making it inactive. The breakdown of the phosphorylated enzyme is slower than the...
Physical Properties of Amines01:26

Physical Properties of Amines

Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
Antidotes01:17

Antidotes

Antidotes are medicinal substances used to counteract the harmful effects of toxins or drugs in the body. They function in various ways, each uniquely designed to combat specific toxic compounds.
Specific antidotes operate by inhibiting the enzymes that control biochemical pathways, reducing the production of harmful metabolites.
An example of an antidote is atropine, which counteracts the detrimental effects of cholinesterase inhibitors. It achieves this by deactivating muscarinic receptors,...
Toxidromes: Clinical Features01:30

Toxidromes: Clinical Features

Toxidromes are specific patterns of symptoms resulting from toxic substance exposure. They help in the identification and treatment of poisoning. The symptoms of each toxidrome group indicate poisoning by a certain class of chemicals or drugs.1. Sympathomimetic: Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system. Symptoms include agitation, increased heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), respiratory rate (RR), temperature, and pupil size. Drugs like cocaine and amphetamines, along with tremors and...
Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison01:14

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison

In cases of acute poisoning, the primary objective is to prevent further absorption of the toxic substance into the body. Immediate interventions using various decontamination techniques targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can achieve this. Decontamination is crucial to prevent poison from entering the systemic circulation, which involves washing affected areas with water and mild soap and removing contaminated clothing. Once external decontamination is done, attention must be turned to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 9, 2026

Oral Administration of Rotenone using a Gavage and Image Analysis of Alpha-synuclein Inclusions in the Enteric Nervous System
11:53

Oral Administration of Rotenone using a Gavage and Image Analysis of Alpha-synuclein Inclusions in the Enteric Nervous System

Published on: October 26, 2010

Nodularins in poisoning.

Yun Chen1, Danfeng Shen, Danjun Fang

  • 1Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.

Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry
|July 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Nodularins are potent cyanotoxins from cyanobacteria. This review details their toxicity, bioaccumulation, and detection methods, highlighting the urgent need to understand human health risks.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental toxicology
  • Marine biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Nodularins are hepatotoxic cyclic pentapeptides produced by Nodularia spumigena.
  • These cyanotoxins are found globally and pose risks to animals and humans.
  • Approximately 10 variants exist, with nodularin-R being the most prevalent.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the toxicity and poisoning cases associated with nodularins.
  • To describe current methods for nodularin detection and quantification.
  • To emphasize the need for better understanding of nodularin toxicity in humans.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review on nodularin toxicity and poisoning.
  • Analysis of bioaccumulation data in aquatic environments and organisms.
Keywords:
Analytical methodsBioaccumulationCyanobacteriaCyanotoxinsNodularinsPoisoning

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 9, 2026

Oral Administration of Rotenone using a Gavage and Image Analysis of Alpha-synuclein Inclusions in the Enteric Nervous System
11:53

Oral Administration of Rotenone using a Gavage and Image Analysis of Alpha-synuclein Inclusions in the Enteric Nervous System

Published on: October 26, 2010

  • Evaluation of existing analytical assays for nodularin detection.

    • Main Results:

    • Nodularins bioaccumulate in water, blooms, and aquatic animals.
    • Laboratory data (IC50, LC50, LD50) and animal poisoning cases are documented.
    • Current detection methods have limitations for clinical monitoring.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding nodularin toxicity, especially in humans, is critical.
    • Improved detection assays are needed for effective clinical monitoring and risk assessment.
    • Urgent action is required to mitigate nodularin poisoning risks.